Inhaltsverzeichnis

Klappentext

This book is entitled Analog Design Essentials because it contains all topics of importance to the analog designer which are essential to obtain sufficient insights to do a thorough job. The book starts with elementary stages in building up operational amplifiers. The synthesis of opamps is covered in great detail, such that lowest power consumption is always guaranteed. Many examples are included, operating at low supply voltages. Chapters on noise, distortion, filters, ADC/DACs and oscillators follow. These are all based on the extensive amount of teaching that the author has carried out both at universities and companies world-wide. All chapters have been drawn up specifically for self-study. They aim, however, at different levels of understanding. All start with elementary material. Most chapters also contain advanced material, especially from Chapter 9 onwards.

A new format is used for this book. All slides are included on a CD-ROM, as PDF files, and are reproduced in the book, followed by the comments normally given by the teacher. This has the advantages that the material used for teaching is also the material used by the students, and that only one additional aspect is explained per slide. The students can thus easily monitor their progress in understanding.

It is hoped that this new format provides a better structure in both teaching and studying these essential topics in analog design.

ISBN 0-387-25746-2

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Index of subjects

The numbers refer to the slide numbers, not to page numbers. Each slide has a number in the bottom right corner. For example slide 1523is the 23rd slide of Chapter 15; slide 024 is the 4th slide of Chapter 2, and slide 113 is the 3rd slide of Chapter 11.

A

Adaptive biasing 1217
Algorithmic ADC 2039
Aliasing 1729
Amplifier
- Current differential amplifier 0349, 055, 1437
- Single-transistor 024
- Voltage differential amplifier 0327, 0338, 0450, 055
- Wideband 0220, 0515, 138, 1323, 1453
Analog-to-digital converter 203, 2065

B

Bandgap reference 168, 1615, 1621, 1630
Bandwidth 027, 0513, 1443
Barkhausen 223, 2215
Base current compensation 1559
BiCMOS 013, 0312, 079, 0717, 0728, 0740, 1242, 1330, 1459
Binary weighted DAC 2012
Bipolar transistor
Base current 0175, 1558
Base resistance 0180, 2260
- Capacitances 0177
- Cross-section 0174
- Distortion 1840
- fT parameter 0180
- Mismatch 1553
- Noise 0425
- Oscillator 2238
- Output resistance 0176
- Single-page model 0182
- Small-signal model 0176
- Super-beta transistors 1562
- Transconductance 0176
Biquadratic filter 1754, 1966
Body effect 0118, 0238, 0424, 1859
Bond wires 2339, 2410, 2420, 2435
Bootstrapping 0341, 0744, 0751, 1223
Bulk doping 0111, 0118, 0129
Bulk resistance 0417
Buried layer 0174, 2418, 2428
Butterworth response 0917

C

Capacitive ESD protection 2357
Capacitive loading 0810
Capacitive noise matching 0454
Capacitors 1540, 179, 1712, 1845, 2249
Cascade 0260, 095
Cascodes
- Folded cascode 0259, 0438, 0723
- Noise 0435, 2321
- Regulated 0272, 1445
- Single-transistor 0250, 0255, 2025
- Telescopic 0258, 075, 2171
- Zero Compensation 0544
Centroide layout 1549, 1710
Charge conservation 1734
Charge redistribution 1723, 1725
Charge redistribution ADC 2035
Charge redistribution DAC 2014
Circle diagram 2260
Circular current 0320
Class-AB amplifier 0223, 0745, 0829, 125, 1213, 2139, 246
Clock feedthrough 1722
CMOS inverter 0224, 1947, 2233, 245
Colpitts 2214, 2225, 2236
Common-mode rejection ratio 0321, 1517, 1526, 1531
Common-mode feedback 0329, 085, 0830, 116, 2135, 2142
Common-mode input voltage range 0637, 118, 1524
Comparator 2143
Compensation capacitance 0530, 0542, 0617
Compression point 1821, 2343
Continuous-time filter 194
Cross coupling 0332, 0643, 0738, 0740, 0834, 1155, 1210, 1863, 197, 1931, 1936
Cross-modulation 182, 1823
Crystal 225
Current buffer 1434
Current cancellation 0332
Current mirror 035, 0442, 104, 1113, 1435, 151 1523, 2047
Current-mode logic 247
Current reference 0311, 1644, 1647
Current regulator 1130, 163
Current source 1336, 1857
Current starving 0721, 2154
Current steering DAC 2015
Current summation 1155
Current swing 1829, 1841
Current switch 1125
Curvature 167, 1624, 1641

D

Damped integrator 1749
Damping 0525, 0528, 0917
Decoupling capacitors 2418
Deep trench isolation 2428
Depletion capacitance 0110
Design for gain 0126, 025
Design of layout 1533
Design for speed 0162
Design plan MOST 0187
Design plan opamp 0614
Design plan oscillator 2221
Differential pair 0318, 0449, 1511, 1835, 1844, 1921, 2065
Differential resistors 197
Digital-to-analog converter 203, 2011
Diode 165, 1843
Diode-connected MOST 0217, 034, 0328, 1343, 1832, 1927
Distortion 1342, 1802, 1888, 1890, 1936, 2029
Distortion cancellation 1863, 197, 1931, 1943
Dual slope ADC 2031
Dummy ring 1552
Dummy switch 1724
Dynamic error 1758

E

Emitter follower 0240, 0433, 1852
End dummies 1552
Epitaxial layer 0147, 243, 2423
ESD protection 2339, 2354

F

Feedback
- Current 1235
- Common-mode FB 085
- Distortion 1849, 1869
- Opamp feedback
- Principles 0514, 133, 1315, 143, 1848
- LNA 2352
- Noise 217
- Nonlinear 1927
- Positive 2239
- Series feedback 0214, 0444, 0451, 0834, 1314, 1861, 1924
- Series-series feedback 1333
- Series-shunt feedback 1310, 1319
- Shunt-shunt feedback 134, 145, 1424
- Shunt-series feedback 1432
Feedforward 0542, 0931, 1233, 2163, 2167
Filter comparison 1970
Flash ADC 2040
Flip-chip bonding 2435
Folding ADC 2065
FOM for opamps 064, 0951, 1142
FOM for ADCs 2030
FOM for Sigma-Delta ADCs 2175
FOM for DACs 2028
FOM for LNA's 2323, 2345

G

GaAs 013, 1463
Gain boosting 0272, 038, 0832, 1436
Gainbandwidth 027, 0230, 0340, 053, 0513, 0525, 0556, 064, 0642, 0712, 0725, 1756
Gate resistance 0415
Glitch 207
GmC filters 1915
Ground connections 2414
Guard rings 2416, 2429

H

Harmonic distortion 1810, 208,
High-pass differential amplifier 0335, 0510, 1346,
Human body model 2354

I

Impedance matching 234, 238
Inductive ESD protection 2359
Inductors
- Active inductors 0245
- Bond wire 2410
- Crystal 226
Input inductor 2313, 2326
Input loading 1426
- Oscillator 223
- Series feedback inductor 0215
INL and DNL 206
Input resistance 1321, 147, 2262
Intercept point 1819, 239
Intermodulation distortion 1814, 2310, 2343
Intermodulation-free dynamic range 1818
Interpolating ADC 2043
Iso-noise contours 2438

J

Junction FET 019, 0118, 0748
Junction capacitance 0110, 1846

L

Ladder filter, 1910
Laser diode driver 1438
Layout rules 1532, 1726, 2024
LC-filter 176
LDO regulator 1651
Level shifter 1164, 2135, 2145
Limits in speed-accuracy-power 1564
Linear distortion 184
Linear MOST 0114, 0816, 0835, 1714, 1838, 1950
Loop gain 0513, 135, 146, 1756
Lossless integrators 1747
Low-noise amplifier 232
Low-pass differential amplifier 0334, 059, 1345
Low-pass filter 174, 176, 1748, 1753, 1763, 1871, 1911

M

MASH Sigma-delta ADC 219, 2163
Maximum current selector 1158
Maximum GBW opamp 0624
Miller effect 0212, 0256, 0261, 0315, 069
Mismatch 156, 1710, 1724, 2019, 2022, 2060, 2444
Minimum transconductance in opamp 0619
Mixed-signal IC 2414
Moore's law 015
MOST transistor
- Capacitances 0159, 0168
- Channel length 019
- Cross-section 018
- Distortion 1827
- EKV model 0137
- fT parameter 0160, 0163
- Gate current 0157
- Gate resistance 0415
- Inversion coefficient 0139
- Mismatch 156, 2023
- Noise 0413, 0421
- NQS model 2325
- Output resistance 0124
- Single-page model 0170
- Small-signal model 0128
- Source resistance 0418
- Switch 1714, 1719, 2113
- Substrate resistance 0416
- Transconductance 0122, 0129, 0150, 0412, 1828
Multibit-ADC 2111
Multiplying DAC 2055
Multi-project wafer 017

N

n-factor 019, 0238
n-well CMOS 0110, 1628, 2426, 2432, 2444
Negative resistance 0330, 0737, 1945
Nested Miller
- AC boosting 0940
- Comparison 0933, 0951
- compensation 0552, 0921, 0927
- feedforward 0931
- GmC and nulling resistor 0935
- GmC compensation 0930
- multipath 0932
- positive feedback 0937
- transconductance with capacitive feedback 0945
Noise
- Bipolar transistor 0425
- Bandgap reference 1611
- Cancellation 2347
- Capacitive noise matching 0454
- Corner frequency 0422
Noise coupling 243
- Current amplifier 105
Noise density 045
Noise Figure 0430, 235, 2341
Noise filtering 216
Noise generation 245
- Inductive input 2314
- Integrated noise 045, 047, 0650, 1719, 1760
Noise matching in LNA 2328
- Low-noise amplifier 232, 2332, 2345
- Miller opamp 0648
- MOST 0413
- Resistive noise matching 0431, 2315
Noise shaping 216
- Single-stage amplifier 0428
- Shot noise 0411
- Thermal noise 0188, 046, 2063
- Transimpedance amplifier 1446

- 1/f noise 0188, 0410, 0412, 0421, 0748
Non-inverting amplifier 0922
Non-linear distortion 186
Nyquist criterion 1729, 201, 213

O

Offset 0188, 0750, 1141, 153, 1520, 206
Offset compensation 1750
On-resistance 0111, 1714, 196, 199, 2115
Operational amplifier
- Bandgap with opamp 1618
- BiFET opamp 0748
- Bipolar 0736, 0747, 0749, 0750, 1013, 1559
- Comparison 0733, 1168
- Current amplifier 108, 1019
Operational amplifier continued
- Distortion 1868, 1884
- Folded cascode opamp 0723, 0735, 0741, 0818, 1529, 1884
- Fully-differential amplifier 054, 083
- Noise 0452
- Rail-to-rail-input amplifier 1116, 1127, 1135
- Single-stage OTA 0340, 0515, 073, 084, 2442
- Specifications 0631, 1756
- Switched-opamp 2025, 2031
- Symmetrical opamp 0710, 0817, 0837, 0838, 114, 1212, 248, 2451
- Three-stage opamp 0552, 093, 1226, 1876
- Two-stage Miller OTA 0530, 069, 0614, 0621, 078, 1016, 1528, 1875, 2445
Oscillators 0517, 223, 2214
Output impedance 0646, 1313, 2025
Output loading 1328, 1418
Output resistance 1313, 148
Output voltage range 0638
Oversampling 2030, 213, 2110
Oxide thickness 019,
Oxide capacitance 0110, 0160

P

Peaking 0247, 0517, 0913
Phase-locked loop 1913
Phase margin 0516, 099
Photodiode amplifier 1452, 1462
Pierce 2214, 2224, 2228, 2235
Pinning 2410, 2416
Pipeline ADC 2053
pn-j unction 019
Polar diagrams 2255
Pole splitting 0537, 0612
Pole-zero doublet 0265
Pole-zero position diagram 0232, 0241, 0256, 0537
Positive zero 0213, 0538, 0542, 2449
Power series 188
Pseudo-differential 1952, 2150
PSRR 0321, 1631, 2440
PTAT current 169
Pulling factor 2211, 2217

Q

Q factor: see damping

Quantization 205, 214
Quantizer 215, 2167

R

Rail-to-rail 0729, 0741, 0819, 113
Receiver 232
Reference voltage 168
Relaxation oscillator 2245
Replica biasing 1131, 1146
Resistor 1455, 1458, 1537, 1812, 1845
Resistive noise matching 0431
Resolution 205, 2019, 2060
Resonance 228, 2420
Reuse 2362
Return ratio 135
RF MOST model 0169
Right-leg drive 1430
Ring oscillator 2456

S

Sampling 1728
Saturation 0144
Screen 2416
Segmented DAC 2018
Series-series triple 1338
Settling time 0265, 0645
Shunt-shunt triple 1412, 1420
SIA roadmap 014
Sigma-delta ADC 213, 218, 2138 , 2175
Signal-to-Noise ratio 042, 205, 209, 2063, 2110, 239
Signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio 181, 1970, 2146, 2159, 2165, 2174
Silicon 0110
Silicon oxide 0110
Single-pin oscillator 2214, 2230
Slew Rate 0639, 104
SOI 2430
Source follower 0237, 0433, 0543, 0825, 1033, 1432, 1858, 1945, 2139
Source resistance 0418, 1856, 1944
Spurious-free dynamic range 1818, 208, 2027
Stability 0524, 2155
Start-up circuits 1616, 1640, 2219
Static error 1757
Stray capacitances 1739
Sub-1 Volt amplifiers 0735, 1243, 1639
Sub-1 Volt bandgap 1637
Subranging ADC 2042
Substrate effect: see bulk or body effect Substrate coupling 2423, 2432
Successive-approximation ADC 2034
Supply lines 2410
Supply line bounce 2411
Supply regulator 1144
Switch resistance 0116
Switched-capacitor current reference 1649
Switched-capacitor CMFB 0838
Switched-capacitor filters 173, 1733, 1748
Switched-current filter 1762
Switched-opamp 2124, 2131
Switched-resistor integrator 2161
Switching schemes DAC 2020

T

Temperature 1534, 166, 1645
Thermometer code 2016
Theta factor 0146, 2310
Time constant 1719
Transceiver 238
Transconductance equalization 0742, 1110, 1 2250
Transconductance oscillator 2217, 2265
Transconductor 1921, 1934, 1940, 1948
Transimpedance amplifier 1416, 1441, 1457
Translinear loop 1221, 1227
Transmission gate 1715
Transmission line 234
Transmission line pulse 2355, 2361
Transresistance amplifier 103, 137, 149

Tuning 1913, 1926, 1955

U

Unity-gain reset 2149
UWB 2350

V

Velocity saturation 0121, 0143, 0164, 0180, 2310
Voltage-controlled crystal oscillator 2248
Voltage-controlled oscillator 1913, 2243, 232
Voltage gain 0125
Voltage multiplier 1171, 1225, 2118
Voltage regulator 1147, 162, 1631

W

Weak inversion 0131, 0133, 0165, 1124, 1635
Wien bridge oscillator 2247

Z

z-transform 1732
Zener diodes 1118
Zero at twice the pole 066, 074, 0715

Autor

About the Author

Willy Sansen received his PhD in Electronics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1972. He then joined the ESAT laboratory of K.U. Leuven, where he has been a full professor since 1980. Since 1984 he has headed the ESAT-MICAS laboratory on analog design. He is a Fellow of the IEEE. He was program chair of the ISSCC-2002 conference and is now vice-president of the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society. He has been supervisor of over fifty PhD theses in analog IC design for communications, consumer and sensor applications. He has authored and co-authored thirteen books and more than 550 papers in international journals and conference proceedings.

Vorwort

This unique book contains all topics of importance to the analog designer which are essential to obtain sufficient insights to do a thorough job. The book starts with elementary stages in building up operational amplifiers. The synthesis of opamps is covered in great detail. Many examples are included, operating at low supply voltages. Chapters on noise, distortion, filters, ADC/DACs and oscillators follow. These are all based on the extensive amount of teaching that the author has carried out world-wide.

Reviews

From the reviews: "The book itself has 24 chapters and covers basic transistor concepts and amplifier design as well as more advanced topics such as filter design, oscillators, and analog and digital conversion. The color slides include circuit diagrams along with topic headings as well as some references. The book concludes with a comprehensive index. ... is particularly useful for the photonics researcher. The book is ideal for self-study." (Bogdan Hoanca, Optics and Photonics News, February, 2008)