Inhaltsverzeichnis

Vorwort

Preface

The ongoing and truly spectacular revolution in our understanding of the molecular events associated with the development and progression of cancer has led to impressive advances in the management of malignant disease. From novel "targeted" therapies to innovative multi-modality treatment strategies (eg, chemoradiation; neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery) designed to optimize the effectiveness (and reduce the toxicity) of the individual approaches, and to a critically important heightened focus on the cancer patient's quality of life during and following treatment, there is genuinely palpable excitement associated with impressive improvements in the clinical outcome in multiple settings.

The Atlas of Cancer was created with the idea of presenting a unique perspective on the rapidly developing events in the oncology arena. While many excellent oncology textbooks exist, the intent of this Atlas is to present information in a highly visual format, both to showcase the dynamic nature of the topics and to ensure that important messages are conveyed in a manner that optimized the potential for a positive learning experience.

An outstanding internationally recognized group of cancer experts participated in the first edition of this impressive work. This second edition of the Atlas of Cancer continues this tradition. The authors are widely recognized to be among the most respected clinicians and researchers in the oncology arena. They have again created an easy to read and visually magnificent text that highlights standard cancer management as well as recent advances in the care of patients with malignant disease. It is certain that those who have the opportunity to study this beautiful volume will both enjoy the experience and find the information presented to be highly informative.

Maurie Markman

Klappentext

The second edition of the Atlas of Cancer highlights the major features of current cancer management and clearly presents fundamental facts regarding our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of malignant disease. Guided by Dr. Maurie Markman, leading oncology experts combine remarkable illustrations, clinical photographs, instructive schematic diagrams, informative charts, and detailed captions to form one large Atlas that can assist physicians in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of this amazingly complex disease.

ISBN 978-1-57340-289-7

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Index

A

Acquired melanocytic nevi, 509
Acromegaly, 613
Actinic keratosis, 504, 539-540
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia central nervous system, 309
- chemotherapy for, 312
- diagnosis of, 305
- histopathology of, 304
- mediastinal, 310
- minimal residual disease in, 311
- molecular and cytogenetic abnormalities in, 306-308
prognostic factors in, 308
- testicular, 311
Acute myelogenous leukemia chemotherapy for, 300-303
- histopathology of, 297-298
- molecular pathology of, 296-297
- prognosis of, 299
Acute promyelocytic leukemia, 297, 302
Adenocarcinoma esophageal, 215-218
Adenomas pituitary, 613-619
Adjuvant therapy for melanoma, 559
- for prostate cancer, 468-470
Adnexal cancer ovarian, 56
- skin, 576
AIDS central nervous system lymphoma in, 620
Allogeneic stem cell transplant in leukemia, 331-332
Altered fractionation radiation therapy, 23, 156
American Joint Committee on Cancer staging
- of colorectal cancer, 244
- of kidney cancer, 483
- of melanoma, 557
- of vulvar cancer, 101
Amputation for sarcoma, 381, 394
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, 362, 365
Androgen deprivation for prostate cancer, 468-470, 471-472
Angiogenesis inhibitors of, 189, 191, 413
- vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in, 282
Angiokeratoma, 555
Angiosarcoma, 414, 421, 577
Arsenical keratosis, 505
Asbestos mesothelioma and, 169
Astrocytoma, 600, 606-608, 651

B

Barrett's esophagus, 207-210
Basal cell carcinoma complications of, 526
- diagnosis of, 519, 525
- epidemiology and risk of, 522-524
- genetics of, 524
- in Gorlin's syndrome, 654
- melanoma versus, 555
- precursors to, 503
- recurrent, 526-527, 530-531
- treatment of, 527-531
B-cell chronic lymphoid leukemia/small cell lymphocytic lymphoma, 359, 363
B-cell lymphoma, 360, 363, 368
Bevacizumab, 249, 255
Biliary cancer, 225-226
Biological therapy for endometrial cancer, 85
- for lung cancer, 160
Bladder cancer chemotherapy for, 479
- diagnosis and staging of, 476-477
- molecular markers in, 478
- overview of, 459
- prognosis in, 480
Bleomycin toxicity, 497
Bone marrow disorders. See specific disorders

Bone sarcoma chemotherapy for, 401-407
- imaging of, 374-377
- recurrent, 386
- surgery for, 379-386
- team approach to, 407
Bowenoid papulosis, 506
Brachytherapy for lung cancer, 157
- overview of, 18
- in soft tissue sarcoma, 391
Brain abscess, 595
Brain death evaluation, 598
Brain tumors.See also specific tumors
- central nervous system lymphoma as, 620-622
- diagnostic imaging of, 594-600
- diagnostic neuropathology of, 584-593
- epidemiology of, 582
- glial, 602-612
- meningioma as, 623-631
- molecular classification of, 593
- neurogenetic syndromes and, 646-654
- pathogenesis and genetics of, 583
- pituitary, 612-619
Breast cancer breast conservation in, 419
breast reconstruction in, 448-457
- classification of, 422
- clinical images of, 418-421
- genetics of, 48-49
- lymph node metastases in, 439
- lymphoscintigraphy in, 420
- magnetic resonance images of, 426-431
- mammographie images of, 441-443
- metastatic, 635
- multimodality images of, 445-447
- overview of, 417
- pathology of invasive, 422-425
- prevention of, 417
- radiation therapy for, 432-435
- response to chemotherapy in, 440
- staging of, 439
- ultrasound images of, 436-440
Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, 441
Breast reconstruction postmastectomy, 448-457
Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, 123-124
Burkitt lymphoma, 361, 364
Buschke-Lowenstein tumor, 533

C

CA-125, 54-56
Capecitabine, 249-250
Carcinoid tumor, 600
Carcinosarcoma uterine, 75
Carmustine, 569
Cauda equina metastases, 637
Central nervous system. See also Brain tumors;

- Neuro-oncology in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 309
- lymphoma of, 620-622
Cerebrospinal fluid in brain tumor diagnosis, 584-585
- in leptomeningeal metastases, 635-637, 639
Cervical cancer, 86-97
chemoradiation for, 94-97
- epidemiology of, 86
- overview of, 45
- radiation therapy for, 94-97
- surgery for early-stage, 86-90
- surgery for recurrent, 90-93
Cetuximab, 249, 254, 282
Charing Cross scoring system for gestational trophoblastic disease, 112
Chemoimmunotherapy
- for leukemia, 321
Chemoradiation for cervical cancer, 94-97
- for esophageal cancer, 219
- for gastric cancer, 203
- for head and neck cancer, 31, 36-37
- for rectal cancer, 269
- for vulvar cancer, 104
Chemotherapy for biliary cancer, 226
- for brain tumors, 604-605, 630
- for central nervous system lymphoma, 622
- for colorectal liver metastases, 260
- for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 568-569
- for endometrial cancer, 84
- for esophageal cancer, 219
- for gastric cancer, 203-206
- for gestational trophoblastic disease, 114-115
- for head and neck cancer, 32-35, 42-43
- for Hodgkin lymphoma, 352-354
- for leukemia, 300-303, 312, 318-319
- for lung cancer, 117, 151, 157-158, 163-168, 190
- for metastatic colorectal cancer, 248-253
- for mycosis fungoides, 570
- for ovarian cancer, 64-66, 69, 71-72
- for pancreatic cancer, 197-200
- for prostate cancer, 470, 474
- for rectal cancer, 268-269
- for sarcoma, 401-407, 410-414
- for testis cancer, 495-498
- for thymoma, 183-184
- for uterine sarcomas, 75-76
Child's Pugh liver cirrhosis score, 221-222
Chondrosarcoma, 376-377, 407, 414
Chordoma, 414
Choriocarcinoma, 110, 490
Chromogen-based in situ hybridization, 589
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia/ hypereosinophilic syndrome, 343-344
Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, 338-342
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
chemoimmunotherapy for, 321
chemotherapy for, 318-319
- diagnosis of, 315
- epidemiology of, 314
- genetics of, 316-317
- immunophenotyping of, 315
- monoclonal antibody therapy for, 320
- staging of, 316
Chronic myelogenous leukemia allogeneic stem cell transplant in, 331-332
- basal cell carcinoma in, 523
- epidemiology of, 323
- genetics of, 324
- histopathology of, 327
- imatinib therapy in, 329-332
- molecular biology of, 325-326
- prognostic factors in, 327-328
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, 291
Cirrhosis, 221-222
CLIP hepatocellular carcinoma scoring system, 222
Colonoscopy, 246, 264
Colorectal cancer adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence in, 239-240
chemoprevention of, 245
chemotherapy for metastatic, 248-255
- diagnosis of, 246
- endoscopic resection of, 247
- epidemiology of, 238
- genetic progression model in, 239-241
- liver metastases in, 258-262
- pathology of, 243
- predisposing conditions in, 241-242
- prognostic markers in, 280-281
- screening for, 245
- staging of, 244
Computed tomography in bladder cancer, 477
- of brain tumors, 594, 625
- in breast cancer, 447
- in colorectal cancer, 246
- in gastric cancer, 228-231, 234
- in lung cancer, 118, 121-122, 124, 147, 161, 171
- in pancreatic cancer, 231
- in prostate cancer, 466
- in radiation therapy, 16-17
- in sarcoma, 375-376, 398, 403-404
- in small bowel carcinoid tumor, 229
- in testis cancer, 491, 495-498
- in thymoma, 179
Congenital melanocytic nevi, 507-508
Corticosteroids for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 568-569
Corticotropin in Cushing's disease, 614-615
Costwolds modification of Ann Arbor Staging system in Hodgkin lymphoma, 350
Cowden disease, 653
Cribriform breast cancer, 424
Cryotherapy of colorectal liver metastases, 262
CUPI hepatocellular carcinoma scoring system, 223
Curettage for skin cancer, 528, 538
Cushing's disease, 614-615
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 567-569
Cytoreduction surgery for gynecologic cancer, 62-64, 80

D

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, 574
Dermoscopy, 519, 548-550
Desmoid, 414
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 360, 364, 366-369
Digital clubbing in lung cancer, 118
Docetaxel, 474
Doxorubicin, 401, 411-412
Ductal breast carcinoma in situ, 429-431

E

Electrodesiccation for skin cancer, 528, 538
Electron microscopy in neuropathology, 589
Embolization for colorectal liver metastases, 261
- for hepatocellular carcinoma, 225
Embryonal carcinoma, 489
Endometrial cancer, 78-85
- chemotherapy for, 84
endocrine therapy for, 83, 85
- genetics of, 47-48, 52-53
- histologic subtypes of, 79
- overview of, 45
- radiation therapy for, 83
- sarcoma as, 76
- staging of, 78, 81
- surgery for, 78-81
Endoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer, 247
- for gastric cancer, 232, 234
- for rectal cancer, 267-268, 270-271
Ependymoma, 585, 611-612
Epidermal growth factor in targeted therapy, 186-188, 191, 254, 282
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis, 506, 533
Erythroblasts in myelodysplastic syndrome, 287
Erythroderma in mycosis fungoides, 567
Erythroid precursors in myelodysplastic syndrome, 287-289
Erythroplakia, 506
Esophageal cancer Barrett's esophagus in, 207-210
- chemotherapy for, 219
- classification of, 207
- diagnosis of, 212
epidemiology of, 211-212
- imaging of, 210, 229
- lymph node metastases in, 212
- prevention of, 208
- radiation therapy for, 219
- surgery for adenocarcinoma, 215-218
- surgery for squamous cell carcinoma, 213-215, 218
Essential thrombocythemia, 335-336
Ewing's sarcoma, 371, 405-406
Extracorporeal photophoresis, 570

F

Familial adenomatous polyposis, 242, 650
Farnesyl transferase inhibitors, 190-191
Fibroadenoma breast, 429
Flap operations in breast reconstruction, 451-453
Flow cytometry in neuropathology, 591
Fluorescence endoscopy, 131-133
Fluorescence in situ hybridization, 590

- 5-Fluorouracil in colorectal cancer, 249-250, 277-278, 280
- in skin cancer, 539-540
Follicular lymphoma, 360, 363, 366-367, 369-370
French-American-British classification system of myelodysplastic syndrome, 292
Frozen section in neuropathology, 585-586

G

Gastric cancer chemoradiation for, 203
- chemotherapy for, 203-206
- endoscopic resection of, 232, 234
- epidemiology of, 201
- imaging of, 228-234
- lymph node dissection in, 202
- recurrent and metastatic, 202-203
- staging of, 202
- surgery for, 202-206
Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, 360, 368, 371
Gastrointestinal cancer lower, 237-282.See also Colorectal cancer; Rectal

cancer upper, 195-235.See also specific types; Upper

gastrointestinal cancer Gene expression array
- in neuropathology, 592
Genetics of brain tumors, 583, 623
- of breast cancer, 48-51
- of colorectal cancer, 239-241
- of Cowden disease, 653
- of hereditary gynecologic cancer, 47-53
- of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome, 47, 49, 52-53
- of kidney cancer, 482
- of leukemia, 296-297, 306-308, 316-317, 324
- of myeloproliferative disorders, 335
- of neurofibromatosis, 647-650
- overview of cancer, 46-48
- of pharmacogenomics, 275-276
- of skin cancer, 512, 518, 524, 534, 543-545, 564
- of testis cancer, 489
- of tuberous sclerosis, 652
- of Turcot's syndrome, 651
- of von Hippel-Lindau disease, 653
Genitourinary cancer bladder, 476-480
- kidney, 481-486
- overview of, 459
- prostate, 460-474
- testis, 488-498
Germ cell tumors. See also specific tumors
- extragonadal, 498
- nonseminomatous, 489-490
- ovarian, 70-71
- staging of, 492-493
Gestational trophoblastic disease, 106-115.
- See also specific disorders
- chemotherapy for, 114-115
- classification of, 106, 111
- diagnosis of, 107-110
genetics of, 107
- prognosis of, 112
- staging of, 113
- treatment of, 110, 113-115
Gigantism, 613
Gleason prostate cancer scoring system, 462
Glial brain tumors, 602-612
Glioblastoma multiforme, 599, 609-610, 635
Glioma histopathology of, 602
- in neurofibromatosis, 647
- treatment of, 604-605
- tumor grade and survival in, 603
- in Turcot's syndrome, 651
Glottic cancer, 10-11, 26
Glucocorticoids for pituitary tumors, 618
Gorlin's syndrome, 523, 654
Growth hormone disorders, 613
Gynecologic cancer. See also Breast cancer
- advanced epithelial ovarian, 60-66
- chemoradiation for cervical, 94-97
- early epithelial ovarian, 54-58
genetics of hereditary, 46-53
gestational trophoblastic, 106-115
- management of vulvar, 99-104
- nonepithelial ovarian, 68-72
- non-surgical management of endometrial, 82-85
- overview of, 45
- radical surgery for cervical, 86-93
- surgical management of endometrial, 78-81
- uterine sarcomas as, 74-76

H

Hamartomas in Cowden disease, 653
Head and neck cancer, 1-43. See also specific types
- chemotherapy for, 1, 31-36, 42-43
- epidemiology of, 1-2
histopathology of, 5
- metastatic or recurrent, 1, 39, 42-43
- nasopharyngeal, 8
- overview of, 1
- pretreatment evaluation in, 41
- prognostic factors in, 3
- radiation therapy for, 1, 16-37
- salivary gland, 6-7
- staging of, 1, 4
- surgery for, 1, 10-15
- symptom control in, 40-42
- treatment-related toxicities in, 40
Hemangioblastoma, 652
Hemangiopericytoma, 586
Hepatobiliary cancer, 221-226
Hepatocellular carcinoma, 221-225
Hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, 49-50
Hereditary gynecologic cancer genetics of, 46-53
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, 47, 49, 52-53, 242
Histiocytoma malignant fibrous, 389, 407, 575
Histiocytosis X, 577
Hodgkin lymphoma chemotherapy for, 352-354
- diagnosis of, 346
- follow-up care in, 355
histopathology of, 347-349
- overview of, 345
- prognostic factors in, 356
- radiation therapy for, 350-353
- staging of, 349-350
- subtypes of, 348-349
- treatment complications in, 355
Hormone therapy for prostate cancer, 469-473
Human papillomavirus epidermodysplasia verruciformisspecific, 533
Hydatidiform mole, 107-110
Hyperdiploidy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 308
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, 120
Hypothalamus pituitary testicular axis, 471
Hysterectomy for cervical cancer, 87-89
- complications of, 89
- for endometrial cancer, 79-80, 82

I

Ifosfamide salvage therapy, 497
Ileal adenocarcinoma, 232
Image-guided adaptive radiation therapy, 29
Immunodeficiency central nervous system lymphoma in, 620
- skin cancer and, 533
Immunohistochemistry
in neuropathology, 587-588
Inflammatory breast carcinoma, 418
Inguinal femoral triangle anatomy, 103
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, 28-29
Interferon therapy, 570
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics on gestational trophoblastic disease, 11, 111
- on ovarian cancer, 60
- on uterine cancer, 74, 78
- on vulvar cancer, 101
International Scoring System for Evaluating Prognosis
- of Hodgkin lymphoma, 356
- of myelodysplastic syndrome, 293
Invasive ductal breast carcinoma, 422-423, 436-437, 442-443
Invasive lobular breast carcinoma, 424, 437, 443
Irinotecan, 249, 251-253, 279

J

Joint reconstruction for bone sarcoma, 381-382

K

Kaposi's sarcoma, 578
Kidney cancer epidemiology and risk of, 481
- multikinase inhibitors in, 485-486
- overview of, 459
- pathology and molecular genetics of, 482
- prognosis in, 485
- screening and staging of, 483
- surgery for, 484

L

Lactate dehydrogenase in lymphoma prognosis, 366
Laparoscopic nephrectomy, 484
Laryngeal cancer, 10-11, 26-28
Leiomyosarcoma cutaneous, 575
- retroperitoneal, 391
- uterine, 76
Lentigo melanoma, 551-553
Leptomeningeal metastases, 597, 634-639
Leukemia acute lymphoblastic, 304-312
- acute myelogenous, 296-303
- acute promyelocytic, 297, 302
- chronic lymphocytic, 314-321
- chronic myelogenous, 323-332
- myelodysplastic syndrome and, 286-294
- other myeloproliferative disorders and, 334-344
- overview of, 285
Leukoplakia, 506
Lichen sclerosis, 507
Light-induced fluorescence endoscopy, 132-133
Linear accelerators, 16
Liposarcoma, 377, 414
Lisch nodules, 646
Liver cancer, 221-225
- metastatic colorectal, 258-262
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma, 224
Lower gastrointestinal cancer. See also Colorectal cancer; Rectal cancer
- molecular biology in, 277-282
- overview of, 237
- pharmacogenomics in, 275-276
Lung cancer chemotherapy for, 117, 151, 157-158, 163-168
- computed tomography in, 118, 121-122, 124, 147, 161, 171
- diagnosis of, 122
- fluorescence endoscopy in, 131-133
- histologic carcinogenesis in, 130
lymph node resection in, 150
- mediastinoscopy in, 148
- metastatic, 594, 635-636
- neoadjuvant therapy for, 163-168
- new treatments for, 117
- open lobectomy for, 147, 149
- overview of, 117
- pathology of, 123-124
- photodynamic therapy for early stage, 135-136
- positron emission tomography in, 117, 122, 138, 148, 161
- prognosis and survival in, 146-147, 151, 159, 163, 166-167
- radiation therapy for, 117, 153-161, 167-168
- screening for, 118
- signs and symptoms of, 118-120
- staging of, 125-128, 137-139, 144-146
- surgery for pleural mesothelioma in, 169-174
- targeted therapies for non-small cell, 186-191
- thoracoscopic surgery in, 137-143
- thymoma in, 175-184
- video-assisted lung resection in, 140-143
Lymph nodes in breast cancer, 420, 433, 439
- in lung cancer, 128, 144-146, 150
- in testis cancer, 494
Lymphatic mapping, 103-104, 558
Lymphoblasts in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 304
Lymphoma breast cancer and, 438
- Hodgkin, 346-356. See also Hodgkin

lymphoma - non-Hodgkin, 358-371.See also Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma overview of, 345
Lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer, 420

M

Macrocytes in myelodysplastic syndrome, 289
Magnetic resonance imaging of brain tumors, 594-598, 612, 616, 628-630
- in breast cancer, 426-431, 446
- in central nervous system lymphoma, 621
- in gastric cancer, 230
- in mesothelioma, 171
- in metastatic spinal cord compression, 641
- in radiation therapy, 16-17
- in rectal cancer, 264-266
- in sarcoma, 374-375, 377-378, 389, 403
Malignant chondroid syringoma, 576
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 389, 407, 575
Malignant mesothelioma, 124, 169-174
Mammography, 417, 441-443, 445-447
Mandibulectomy, 13-14
Mantle cell lymphoma, 359, 363, 367, 370-371
- breast cancer and, 438
metastatic, 636
Marjolin ulcer, 534
Markers in bladder cancer, 478
- in colorectal cancer, 280-281
- in neuropathology, 587-588
- in testis cancer, 497
Mastectomy, 420-421
- breast reconstruction after, 448-457
- radiation therapy after, 433
Mediastinoscopy, 148
Mediastinum in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 310
- anatomy of, 175
Medullary breast carcinoma, 425
Medulloblastoma, 636, 654
Megakaryocytes in myelodysplastic syndrome, 290
- in myeloproliferative disorders, 336, 338, 340
Melanoma diagnosis of, 509, 546-551, 555
- epidemiology and risk of, 542-543
- etiology and pathogenesis of, 544-545
metastatic, 594-595
- precursors to, 507-510
- prognosis and staging of, 552, 556-558
- screening questions for, 518
- subtypes of, 551-555
- treatment of, 558-561
Melanonychia striata, 554
Meningioma clinical features of, 625-626
- diagnosis of, 624-625
- epidemiology of, 623
- genetics and biology of, 623-624
- histopathology of, 585, 626-627
- prognosis of, 631
- recurrent, 631
- treatment of, 628-630
Merkel cell carcinoma, 578
Mesothelioma carcinogenesis in, 169
- computed tomography of, 124
- histology and imaging of, 170-171
- staging of, 173
- surgery for, 172-174
Metastases breast cancer, 439, 635
- colorectal liver, 258-262
- epidural spinal cord compression from, 640-644
- head and neck cancer, 39
- kidney cancer, 485
- leptomeningeal, 597, 634-639
- lung, 594, 635-636
melanoma, 555, 594-595
- sarcoma, 391-396
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma, 576
Micromegakaryocytes, 290291
Minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 311
Mixed mesodermal ovarian tumors, 72
Mohs skin surgery, 529-530
Moles hydatidiform, 107-110
melanoma and, 546-555
Monoclonal antibodies in leukemia, 320
- in lung cancer, 186, 188-191
Mouth cancer, 12-14, 18-20
Mucinous breast cancer, 424, 438
Mucosal melanoma, 551-552, 554
Multidetector computed tomography in gastric cancer, 228-230, 234
- in small bowel carcinoid tumor, 229
Multikinase inhibitor therapy, 485-486
Multileaf collimators, 17
Multiple myeloma breast cancer and, 438
Myasthenia gravis thymoma and, 177-178, 182
Mycosis fungoides epidemiology and risk of, 563-564
- pathogenesis of, 565
- precursor to, 510
- prognosis of, 572
- treatment of, 568-571
- variants of, 566-568
Myelodysplasic syndrome classification of, 292
- histopathology of, 286-291
- overview of, 285
- pathophysiology of, 292
- scoring in prognosis of, 293
- treatment of, 294
Myelofibrosis chronic idiopathic, 338-342
Myeloproliferative disorders, 334-344. See also specific disorders
- genetics of, 335
- overview of, 334

N

Narrow banding imaging, 233
Nasopharyngeal cancer, 8, 24-25, 34-35
National Comprehensive Cancer Network on Hodgkin lymphoma, 355
- on melanoma, 560-561
Neck dissection, 15
Neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer, 440
- for non-small cell lung cancer, 163-168
- for prostate cancer, 468-469
- for sarcoma, 402
Nephrectomy laparoscopic, 484
Neurofibromatosis, 646-650
Neurogenetic syndromes. See also specific disorders
neoplasms associated with, 646-654
Neuro-oncology.See also Brain tumors;
- specific lesions diagnostic techniques in, 584-600
- epidemiology of, 582-583
- metastatic tumors in, 634-644
neurogenetic syndromes in, 646-654
- overview of, 581
- primary brain tumors in, 602-631
Nevi acquired melanocytic, 509
- blue, 555
- congenital melanocytic, 507-508, 555
- dysplastic, 555
- melanoma and, 546-555
- sebaceous, 503
- Spitz, 555
Nipple reconstruction, 457-458
Nitrogen mustard, 569
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- central nervous system, 620-622
- diagnosis and staging of, 358-359
- genetics of, 363-365
- histopathology and subtypes of, 359-365, 567-569
- overview of, 345
- pathogenesis of, 368
- prognostic factors in, 366-367
- treatment of, 368-371
Non-small cell lung cancer. See Lung cancer

O

Octreotide scanning, 179, 600
Oligodendroglioma, 586, 596, 598, 610-611
Optic glioma, 647
Optical coherence tomography, 233
Oral cavity cancer, 12-14, 18-20
Oropharyngeal cancer, 14, 21-22
Osteosarcoma, 376-376, 379-386, 401-407.See also Bone sarcoma

Ovarian cancer, 54-58, 60-66, 68-72
- adjuvant therapy for, 58
- adnexal mass assessment in, 56
- advanced epithelial, 60-66
- biological markers in, 55, 72
- chemotherapy for, 64-66, 69, 71-72
- early epithelial, 54-58

- fertility-sparing surgery for, 58

- follow-up in, 58

- genetics of, 47-50, 52

- nonepithelial, 68-72. See also specific tumor types

overview of, 45, 68
- screening for, 54-55
- staging of, 57, 60-61, 69-70
- surgery for nonepithelial, 69-70
- surgical cytoreduction for advanced, 62-64
- treatment algorithm for advanced, 62
Oxaliplatin, 249, 251-253, 278-279

P

Paget's disease extramammary, 577
- mammary, 418
Palliative rectal cancer treatment, 273
Pancoast's syndrome, 119
Pancreatic cancer chemotherapy for, 197-200
- imaging of, 231
- radiation therapy for, 197, 200
- stages of, 196
- surgical options for, 197
- targeted therapy for, 198-200
Papillary breast cancer, 425, 438
Papulosis Bowenoid, 506
Paraneoplastic syndromes in kidney cancer, 482
- thymoma and, 177-178
Parapsoriasis, 510
Pelvic exenteration for cervical cancer, 90-93
- for endometrial cancer, 80, 83
Percutaneous needle breast biopsy, 440
Peripheral nerve metastases, 637
Phantom human chorionic gonadotropin, 111
Pharmacogenomics genetics and techniques in, 275-276
- growth factor pathways in, 282
- overview of, 276
predictors of response to therapy in, 277-278
predictors of toxicity in, 279-280
prognostic markers in, 280-281
Philadelphia chromosome in leukemia, 307, 324
Photodynamic therapy, 133-136, 568-569
Pituitary tumors, 612-619
Placental-site trophoblastic tumor, 110
Platelets in essential thrombocythemia, 336
Pleural mesothelioma, 169-174
Pneumonitis radiation, 160
Polycythemia vera, 337-338
Polymerase chain reaction in neuropathology, 590
Polymorphisms, 276
Porokeratosis, 505
Portal vein embolization, 261
Positron emission tomography of brain tumors, 598
- in esophageal cancer, 229
- in gastric cancer, 231, 234
- in lung cancer, 117, 122, 138, 148, 161
- in pancreatic cancer, 231
- in sarcoma, 376
Precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia/ lymphoma, 361, 364
Pregnancy after radical trachelectomy, 90
Primary brain tumors, 602-631. See also Brain tumors

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, 406
Prolactinoma, 612
Prostate cancer chemotherapy for, 474
- epidemiology of, 465-466
- histopathology of, 462-463
- hormone therapy for, 468-473
- hormone-independent, 473-474
- imaging in, 466-467
- overview of, 459
- radiation therapy for, 468, 470
- recurrent, 471
- screening and diagnosis of, 460-461
- staging of, 646
- surgery for, 467
Prostate-specific antigen, 460-461, 469, 471
Proton pump inhibitors, 210
Pseudoprogression of germ cell tumors, 496
Pyogenic granuloma, 555

Q
5qsyndrome, 291

R

Radiation pneumonitis, 160
Radiation therapy for brain tumors, 630
- for breast cancer, 432-435
- for cervical cancer, 94-97
- for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 568-569
- for endometrial cancer, 83
- equipment for, 16-17
- for head and neck cancers, 16-30, 33-37
- for Hodgkin lymphoma, 350-353
- for lung cancer, 117, 154-161, 167-168
- newer technologies in, 28-30
- for pancreatic cancer, 197, 200
- principles of, 153-154
- for prostate cancer, 468, 470
- for sarcoma, 394-399
- for skin cancer, 528, 538
- skin cancer after, 523, 533
- in testis cancer, 493
- treatment planning for, 17
- for uterine sarcomas, 75
Radical prostatectomy, 467
Radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases, 262
Radiography in sarcoma, 374, 380-385
Radionuclide scanningin brain death evaluation, 598
- in metastasis pretreatment, 597, 636
- neuro-oncologic principles of, 599-600
- in prostate cancer, 467
Rectal cancer chemotherapy for, 268
- future treatments for, 273-274
- palliation of, 273
- patient assessment in, 264-265
radiation therapy for, 269, 273
- staging of, 265-266
- total mesorectal excision for, 271-272
- transanal endoscopic microsurgery for, 267-268, 270-271
- treatment strategies in, 266-267
Renal cell carcinoma, 481-486
Retinoids, 570-571
Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in testis cancer, 494
Retroperitoneal sarcoma, 392
Robson kidney cancer classification, 483

S

Salivary gland tumors, 6-7
Salpingo-oophorectomy for endometrial cancer, 79-80, 82
- for ovarian cancer, 70-71
Sarcoma, 373-414. See also Bone sarcoma;

Soft tissue sarcoma; specific types overview of, 373
- uterine, 74-76
Schwannoma, 649
Sebaceous carcinoma, 576
Seborrheic keratosis, 555
Secondary cancer after Hodgkin lymphoma treatment, 355
Self-examination for skin cancer, 516-517
Seminoma staging of, 492-493
Sentinal lymph node mapping in melanoma, 558
- in vulvar cancer, 103-104
Sex-cord stromal tumors ovarian, 68-69
Sézary syndrome, 570-572
Shagreen patches, 652
Sideroblasts in myelodysplastic syndrome, 288
Simpson classification of meningiomas, 631
Single photon emission computed tomography of brain tumor, 600
Skin cancer adnexal, 576
- basal cell, 522-531
- early detection of, 501-502, 516-520
- etiology and pathogenesis of, 501, 512-513
- fibrous, 574-575
- melanoma as, 542-561
- mycosis fungoides as, 563-572
- other types of, 577-578
- overview of, 501-502
- precursor lesions in, 503-510
- prevention of, 501, 513-516
screening for, 517
squamous cell, 532-540
Small bowel cancer, 229, 232
Soft tissue sarcoma chemotherapy for, 410-414
- imaging of, 377-379, 398
- prognosis of, 390, 392
- radiation therapy for, 394-399
- recurrent and metastatic, 391, 396
staging and location of, 388-389
surgery for, 389-392, 394-395, 400
- targeted therapy for, 413
Solar lentigo, 510, 555
Spinal cord compression metastatic epidural, 640-644
Squamous cell carcinoma esophageal, 212-215, 218
- head and neck, 33, 36-37
- lung, 124
skin complications of, 537
- diagnosis of, 535-536
- epidemiology and risk of, 532-534
- etiology and genetics of, 534-535
- precursors to, 504-507
- recurrent, 537-539
- treatment of, 538-540
Staining in neuropathology, 586
Stem cell transplant in leukemia, 331-332
Stereotactic oropharyngeal radiosurgery, 25
Stomach cancer, 201-206
Stromal uterine sarcomas, 76
Sun protection in cancer prevention, 515-516
Superior vena cava syndrome, 119
Surgery for brain tumors, 604, 615, 617-618, 628-629

- for breast cancer, 448-457

- for cervical cancer, 86-93

- for colorectal liver metastases, 259-262

- endometrial, 78-81

- for gastric cancer, 202-206

- head and neck cancer, 10-15, 33

- for hepatocellular carcinoma, 224

- for kidney cancer, 484

- for lung cancer, 137-143, 147, 149-150, 169-174

- for metastatic spinal cord compression, 643-644
- ovarian, 58, 62, 69-70

- for pancreatic cancer, 197

- for prostate cancer, 467

- for rectal cancer, 266-273

- for sarcoma, 75, 379-386, 389-392, 394-395, 400

- for skin cancer, 529-530, 538, 558-561
Synovial sarcoma, 377-378, 414

T

T-cell lymphoma, 361-362, 365, 567-569
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, 361, 364
Teratoma, 490, 496
Testis cancer in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 311
- clinical features and diagnosis of, 491
- epidemiology of, 488
- extragonadal, 498
- genetics of, 489
- histopathology of, 489-490
- overview of, 459
- recurrent, 498
- staging and treatment of, 492-497
- surveillance in, 494
Thoracoscopic lung cancer staging, 137-139
Thoracotomy, 149
Thrombocythemia essential, 335-336
Thymic carcinoma, 182, 184. See also Thymoma

Thymoma, 175-184
- diagnosis of, 178-179
- differential diagnosis of, 176
- histologic classification of, 181
- myasthenia gravis and, 177-178, 182
- paraneoplastic syndromes associated with, 177-178
- pathology of, 182
- staging of, 180
treatment of, 183-184
Tissue expanders and transfers in breast reconstruction, 450-451, 454-455
Tissue microarray in neuropathology, 592
T/NK-cell lymphoma, 362, 365
Tongue carcinoma, 12-13, 18, 20
Total body photography in skin cancer detection, 520, 551
Trachelectomy, 89-90
Transfusions in myelodysplastic syndrome, 294
Tuberous sclerosis, 651-652
Tubular breast cancer, 424
Tumor Node Metastasis staging system, 125, 127
Tumor suppressor genes, 47
Turcot's syndrome, 650-651
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 187-188, 191

U

Ulcers skin cancer in chronic, 534
Ultrasound in breast cancer, 436-440, 442, 445-447
- in esophageal cancer, 233
- in gastric cancer, 233
- in lung cancer, 122
- in pancreatic cancer, 235
- in prostate cancer, 461
- in testis cancer, 491
Ultraviolet radiation in skin cancer, 513-514, 524, 534, 543-544
Ungual fibromas, 652
Upper gastrointestinal cancer esophageal, 207-219
- gastric, 201-206
- hepatobiliary, 221-226
- imaging methods for, 228-235
- overview of, 195
- pancreatic, 196-200
Urinary tract cancer bladder, 476-480
- kidney, 481-486
- overview of, 459
Urothelial cancer, 476-480
Uterine cancer, 74-76, 78-97. See also Cervical cancer;
- Endometrial cancer
- overview of, 45

V

Vascular endothelial growth factor pathway, 255, 282
Verrucous carcinoma, 536
Vertebral metastases, 640-644
Video-assisted lung cancer surgery, 137-143
Vienna classificationof digestive epithelial neoplasia, 207
Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 652-653
Vulvar cancer, 99-104
- diagnosis of, 99
- epidemiology of, 100
- pathology and staging of, 100-101
- sentinel lymph node mapping in, 103-104
- treatment of, 102, 104

W

Whitmore-Jewett prostate cancer staging, 464
World Health Organization on breast cancer, 422
- on chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, 339
- on gestational trophoblastic disease, 112
- on lung cancer, 123
- on meningiomas, 626
- on myelodysplastic syndrome, 292
- on non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 359
- on thymoma, 181

X

Xeroderma pigmentosum, 535

Y

Yolk sac carcinoma, 489