Inhaltsverzeichnis

Vorwort

Preface

In line with the current focus on a sustainable economy, bioethanol and other biofuels have received tremendous attention, making many headlines. Being produced in steadily growing volumes has made it necessary to consider production of biofuels from renewable raw materials that are not currently used. Therefore, the production of biofuels is at the gateway of moving from traditional raw materials to others such as lignocellulosic materials. However, such a transfer requires new production processes that are economically feasible. This volume addresses and discusses the current status of biofuels, covering aspects from enabling technologies to different technology and processes options, as well as economical and policy perspectives. It represents a timely and comprehensive overview.

In itself, the field bioethanol and other biofuels receive great current interest; however, development in this area will also pave the way for a breakthrough within industrial biotechnology (defined as the application of biotechnology for the processing and production of chemicals, material, and energy). The technology development driven by the interest in biofuels will lead to experiences most valuable for introduction of other industrial biotechnology processes. In parallel, scientific developments in the post-genomic era and achievements in systems biology will allow the necessary development and fine-tuning of the biological catalyst. In light of this, the development of biofuel processes, presented in this volume, can be seen in a much larger context.

I want to sincerely thank all authors that have contributed to the volume for their dedicated effort and their excellent contribution. I hope that you as a reader will enjoy the volume.

Kongens Lyngby, August 2007

Lisbeth Olsson

Klappentext

ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biofuels

J.M. Otero • G. Panagiotou • L. Olsson

Fueling Industrial Biotechnology Growth with Bioethanol

M. Galbe • G. Zacchi

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials for Efficient Bioethanol Production

R.P. Chandra • R.Bura • W.E.Mabee • A. Berlin • X.Pan • J.N. Saddler

Substrate Pretreatment: The Key to Effective Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosics?

S.T. Merino • J. Cherry

Progress and Challenges in Enzyme Development for Biomass Utilization

L. Viikari • M, Alapuranen • T. Puranen • J. Vehmaanperä • M. Siika-aho

Thermostable Enzymes in Lignocellulose Hydrolysis

B. Hahn-Hägerdal • K. Karhumaa • M. Jeppsson • M.F. Gorwa-Grauslund

Metabolic Engineering for Pentose Utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A.J.A. van Maris • A.A. Winkler M.Kuyper • W.T.A.M. de Laat • J.P. van Dijken • J.T. Pronk

Development of Efficient Xylose Fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Xylose Isomerase as a Key Component

W.H. van Zyl • L.R. Lynd • R. den Haan • J.E.McBride • L.R. Jarboe • T.B. Grabar • L.P. Yomano • K.T. Shanmugan • L.O. Ingram

Consolidated Bioprocessing for Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Development of Ethanologenic Bacteria

P.L. Rogers • Y.J.Jeon • K.J. Lee • H.G. Lawford

Zymomonas mobilis for Fuel Ethanol and Higher Value Products

B.K. Ahring • P. Westermann

Coproduction of Bioethanol with Other Biofuels

M. Galbe • P. Sassner • A. Wingren G. Zacchi

Process Engineering Economics of Bioethanol Production

WE. Mabee

Policy Options to Support Biofuel Production

ISBN 978-3-540-73650-9

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Subject Index

A

Acetaldehyde 12
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenases 26, 31
Acetate 253
Acetyl-CoA 24
Actinobacillus succinogenes 25
Alanine 255
Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (Adh2p) 26
Ammonia fibre explosion (AFEX) 47, 50
Ammonia recycle percolation (ARP) method 50
α -Amylases 304
Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens 25
Arabinose 147, 160
Arabinose utilization, pathways 160
- S. cerevisiae 161

B

Baker's yeast, CBP host 208
Bio/catalytic refineries 299
Biocatalysts, KO11/LY01, ethanologenic 240
- strain LY168, ethanologenic 243
Bioethanol, demand 14
- production, one-step 205
Bioethanol-related policy 350
Biofuel production 331
Biofuels 1, 329
Biomass 67
- , steam pretreatment 71
Bioprocessing, consolidated 205
Biorefineries 1, 8, 289
Biotransformations, enzyme-based 281
Brazil 12, 333
Butanediol 25
- γ-Butyrolactone 25

C

Catalytic efficiency/productivity 106
CBP yeast 228
Cellobiohydrolase 121
Cellobiose 46
Cellulases 67, 121
- , fungal 251
- , hydrolysis 84
- , S. cerevisiae 211
- , r reesei 106
- , thermostable 123
Cellulolytic yeast 205
Cellulose 67
- , crystallinity 87
- , enzymatic hydrolysis 122
- , ethanol 10
Cofactor dependence 164
Corn 14
Corn stover 52, 200
- , hydrolysate, fed-batch fermentation 200
Corynebacterium glutamicum, lysine 31

D

Diesters 10
Differential gel-electropheresis (DiGE) 24
Direct funding 329

E

Endoglucanase 121
Energy demand 318
Entner-Doudoroff
pathway (EMP) pathway 28
Enzymatic hydrolysis 41, 45
Enzymes, cost 101
- , discovery 106
- , dosage 100
- , mixtures, thermophilic/thermostable131, 133
- , production, economic 115

- , recovery 117
- , thermophilic/thermostable 121, 129
Escherichia coli 237
- , ethanologenic 240
- , non-recombinant ethanologenic 246
ETBE 10, 12
Ethanol 147, 237
- , resistance 248
Ethanol production 248, 263
- , cellulose 10
- , lignocellulosic materials 310
Ethanolic fermentation, pentose-utilizing S. cerevisiae 162
Ethanologenicity,

- metabolic/transcriptomic changes 247

European Union 13, 337
Evolutionary engineering, xylose 194
Excise tax exemptions 329, 347

F

Fermentation 296
- , trials, xylose
Fine chemicals 282
Fir 59
Flowsheeting 309
Fluxome 30
Fluxomics 5, 29
Formaldehyde 12
Formic acid 46
Forward metabolic engineering 18, 22
Fuel cells 289
Fumarate reductase subunit A (frd-A) 25
Funding programs, USA 343
Fungal preparations, elevated temperature 132
Fusarium oxysporum 28

G

Galactose signaling pathway 26
Genomics 18, 19
Gluconate 281
Glucose 25
- , yield 61
β -Glucosidase 108, 121
Glutamate dehydrogenase 30
Glycerol-3-phosphatase 26
Glycolytic flux 169
Glycose fermentation 263
Glycosyl hydrolase family 61 109
GRE3 deletion 165
Growth media, cost effective 248

H

Haemophilus influenzae 19
Hemicellulases, S. cerevisiae 218
- synergistic 111
Hemicellulose 15, 67, 80
- content, hydrolysis 83
- , - pretreatment 81
- hydrolysate 237, 250
Hydrogen 289

- , production 291
Hydrolysates, fermentation 172
Hydrolysis 67, 121, 296
Hydrothermolysis (liquid hot-water treatment) 50

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 46

I

Industrial biotechnology 2
Industrial systems biology 5, 17
- bioethanol 32
- X-omics 15
Inhibitor tolerance 171
Isotope-coded affinity tag technology (ICAT) 24

K

2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate adolase (Eda) 24
Kyoto Protocol 13

L

Lactic acid 237, 252
Levulinic acid 46
Lignin 15, 67, 75
- enzymatic hydrolysis 78
Lignocellulose 41, 121, 147

- vs. starch 322
Lignocellulosic biomass 97
Lignocellulosic hydrolysates 180
- inhibitors 274
Lignocellulosics 263
Lignol organosolv process 60
LY01, ethanol resistance 248
LY168, ethanol production 244
Lysine, Corynebacterium glutamicum 31

M

Mannheimia succiniciproducens 25
Market drivers 3, 8
Maxifuel 292
Metabolic engineering 1, 263
Metabolic flux 29
Metabolomics 27
Metagenomics 18
Methane 289
- production 291
MTBE 12
Multidimensional protein identification technology (MuDPiT) 24
- NADPH 24

O

Organic acids, metabolic engineering 279
Osmolyte stress 249

P

Penicillin 6
Pentose-fermenting strains 170
Pentose pathway enzymes 164
Pentose phosphate pathway 28, 166
Petroleum, economics 8
- , prices 9
Phage shock protein A (PspA) 24
Pharmaceutical intermediates 282
PHB 24
Phenotypic phase plane (PhPP) analysis 20
Phosphoketolase pathway (PKP) 30
Pichia stipitis 5, 21
- xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) 30
Pine 58
Pirtus radiata, softwood 58
Piromyces sp.,
xylose isomerase 31
Policy 329
- bioethanol 350
Poly-amides 25
PPP, oxidative 167
Pretreatment 295
- assessment 44
- methods 47, 69
- selection 102
- two-stage 60
Process economics 311
Process integration, enzyme requirements 104
Production cost 318

1, 3-Propanediol (PDO), from corn 10
Proteomics 5, 23
Pyruvate 253

R

Redox enzymes 168
Redox metabolism, engineering 167
Redox restrictions 182
Refineries, bio/catalytic 299
Reforming 289
Renewable fuel mandates 329
Reverse metabolic engineering 18, 22

S

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 179, 205
- , CBP host 208
- , lignocellulosic hydrolysates 180
Separation 296
Severity factor, pretreatment 44
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) 45
Softwood 57
Sorbitol 281
Spruce 59
Starch 322
Steam pretreatment 67
- biomass 71
Strain stability 171
Substrate selection 101
Succinate 255
Succinate dehydrogenase subunit A (sdh-A) 25
Succinic acid 25, 27
Sugar fermentation, S. cerevisiae 210
Sugar transport 163
Sugarcane 15
Surface area 85
Synergy 107
Systems biology 1
SZ110 244

T

Tax exemptions 329
TCA cycle 22
- intermediates 279
Tetrahydrofuran 25
Transcriptome analysis 5
Transcriptomics 21
Transhydrogenase 168
Transportation fuel alternatives 11
Trichoderma reesei, cellulases 20, 106

V

Vitamins 6

W

Wastewater treatment 297
Wheat straw hydrolysate, batch fermentation 199
White biotechnology 2
Wood, steam-pretreated 73

X

XI, S. cerevisiae 158
XR/XDH, S. cerev isiae 159
Xylitol 254
Xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) 30, 182
Xylose 26, 147, 149, 164
Xylose fermentation 179, 263
Xylose isomerase 31, 179, 186
- , S. cerevisiae 187
Xylose reductase 30, 182
Xylose utilization, metabolic engineering 192

- , pathways 158
Xylose-isomerase expression, S. cerevisiae198
Xylulokinase 30, 165
Xylulose 164

Y

Yeast 147
- , cellulolytic 205
Yield loss 99

Z

Zymomonas mobilis 263
- genome sequence 278
- recombinant strains 265