Inhaltsverzeichnis

Vorwort

Series Preface

The Centre de recherches mathématiques (CRM) was created in 1968 by the Université de Montréal to promote research in the mathematical sciences. It is now a national institute that hosts several groups and holds special theme years, summer schools, workshops, and a postdoctoral program. The focus of its scientific activities ranges from pure to applied mathematics and includes statistics, theoretical computer science, mathematical methods in biology and life sciences, and mathematical and theoretical physics. The CRM also promotes collaboration between mathematicians and industry. It is subsidized by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Fonds FCAR of the Province de Québec, and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and has private endowments. Current activities, fellowships, and annual reports can be found on the CRM Web page at www.CRM.UMontreal.CA.

The CRM Series in Mathematical Physics includes monographs, lecture notes, and proceedings based on research pursued and events held at the Centre de recherches mathématiques.

Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Yuan Saint-Aubin

Klappentext

CRM Series in Mathematical Physics

Marc Thiriet

Biology and Mechanics of Blood Flows

Part I: Biology

Biology and Mechanics of Blood Flows presents the basic knowledge and state-of-the-art. techniques necessary to carry out investigations of the cardiovascular system using modeling and simulation. Part I of this two-volume sequence, Biology, addresses the nanoscopic and microscopic scales. The nanoscale corresponds to the scale of biochemical reaction cascades involved in cell adaptation to mechanical stresses among other stimuli. The microscale is the scale of stress-induced tissue remodeling associated with acute or chronic loadings. The cardiovascular system, like any physiological system, has a complicated three-dimensional structure and composition. Its time dependent behavior is regulated, and this complex system has many components. In this authoritative work, the author provides a survey of relevant cell components and processes, with detailed coverage of the electrical and mechanical behaviors of vascular cells, tissues, and organs. Because the behaviors of vascular cells and tissues are tightly coupled to the mechanics of flowing blood, the major features of blood flows and the Navier-Stokes equations of mass and momentum conservation are introduced at the conclusion of this volume. This book will appeal to any biologist, chemist, physicist, or applied mathematician with an interest in the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

www.springer.com

ISBN 978-0-387-74846-7

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Index

A

α-actinin 49, 316
α-adrenergic receptor 121, 123, 186, 429
A-kinase anchoring protein 198, 209, 210, 213, 215, 324, 351, 352
Aaa protein 51
ABC carrier 65, 113
acetyl-CoA synthetase 45
acetylcholine 95, 119, 198, 307, 372, 373, 381, 389, 397, 420, 428
Ack kinase 74
actin 13, 18, 48, 49, 55, 64, 69-71, 74-76, 78, 82, 83, 170, 171, 189, 194, 238, 240, 248, 250, 254, 255, 257, 259, 260, 263, 311, 313, 374, 403, 405, 443
actin-binding protein 48
actin-severing protein 48
actinin 49, 53, 316
action potential 107, 308, 342, 344
activin 142
acyl CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase 64
adaptin 252
adaptor 18, 237, 240, 244, 246, 249, 251, 252
adenosine 120
adenosine diphosphate 120, 284, 389, 429
adenosine triphosphate 16, 20, 57, 120, 219, 220, 307, 313, 373, 389, 390, 428
adenylyl cyclase 187, 188, 220, 331, 352, 375, 444, 502, 503
adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide 499
adhesion molecule 69, 432, 433, 476
adipokine 301, 508
adiponectin 173, 301, 508, 509
adrenaline 95, 351, 503
adrenal cortex 504
adrenal medulla 503
adrenocorticotropic hormone 498, 505
adrenomedullin 388, 398, 469, 504
adventitia 360
aggresome 25, 27
aging 36, 207, 328
agmatine 427
albumin 269
aldosterone 301, 504
AMP-activated protein kinase 35, 45, 173, 174, 208, 302, 511
amphiphysin 250, 251
amylin 503
androgen 505
aneurism 85
anginex 474
angiogenesis 13, 146, 245, 388, 453, 456
angioinhibin 473
angiopoietin 142, 286, 457, 463, 470, 474, 478
angiostatin 473
angiotensin 123, 124, 134, 139, 140, 200, 231, 301, 322, 397, 483, 505
ankyrin 74, 100, 319, 321
annexin 212, 240
antiporter 94
aortic valve 302
apolipoprotein 270, 274, 433
apoptosis 16, 19, 35, 37, 198
apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 176, 204, 206
apoptosome 33
aquaporin 112
Arf protein 194, 243
arginine 427
argonaute 27
arrestin 134, 137, 144, 179, 215, 467
artemin 373
arterial pressure 499
arteriogenesis 453, 475
atherosclerosis 85, 196
atrioventricular node 306
atrium 321
autophagy 19, 35
avascularity 471

B

ß-adrenergic receptor 121, 124, 134, 213, 351, 352, 390
Bachman bundle 306
backward difference 548
basement membrane 86, 364, 371, 380, 396, 398, 405, 406, 408
basophil 280
BCL2 protein 38, 424, 483
bile acid 274
bioreactor 450
Biot number 412
bitesize 77
Blasius formula 536
blood-brain barrier 365
bone morphogenetic protein 142, 321
bradykinin 124, 231, 390, 428, 429, 480

C

c-Jun N-terminal kinase 179
C-reactive protein 477
Cadherin 69, 70, 76, 77, 79, 82, 171, 217, 424, 443, 473
calcineurin 183, 320, 322, 327, 483
calcitonin 502
calcitonin gene-related peptide 502, 504
calcium 16, 54, 219, 310, 319, 321, 341, 347, 348, 350, 351, 374, 377, 401, 420, 429, 430
calcium-sensing receptor 124
calcium oscillation 225
calcium sensitization 180
calcium spark 311
calcium transient 198, 225
caldesmon 375
calmodulin 63, 122, 169, 171, 176, 183, 188, 189, 214, 219, 220, 223, 349, 374, 375, 377, 401, 405, 428
calpain 321
calponin 377
calsarcin 320, 483
calsequestrin 349
cAMP response element 395
capillary 364, 365, 367, 403
cardiolipin 44
cardiomyocyte 44, 103, 137, 143, 145, 152, 188, 197, 229, 231, 253, 302, 307, 341, 483
cardiomyopathy 83, 327, 350
cardiotrophin 325
caspase 32, 37, 263
catecholamine 301, 322, 345
catenin 69, 70, 78, 82, 147, 149, 424, 443
caveola 59, 214, 237, 244, 253, 351
caveolin 59, 212, 240, 245, 253, 256, 351, 405, 423
CaV channel 102, 181, 198, 329, 391
Cdc42 protein 74, 191, 192, 218, 248, 256, 259, 260, 431, 444
cell membrane 19, 57, 93, 161, 164, 177
cell nucleus 8, 9, 11, 14, 94, 152, 185
central difference 548
centriole 52
centrosome 52
cerebrospinal fluid 368
chemokine 257, 277, 281, 407, 477, 479
chemokine receptor 277, 478
Chemotaxis 259, 263, 444, 445, 453, 487
cholesterol 58, 59, 64, 67, 271
chondromodulin 298, 472
choroid plexus 368
chromatin 12, 27
chromosome 12
chronophin 48
chronotropy 351
chylomicron 269, 372
cingulin 79
circadian rhythm 29
Clairaut number 329
clathrin 67, 240, 249, 252, 405
clathrin-coated pit 134, 240, 246, 249, 251
claudin 79, 369
Cloned-out of library 191
clotting 283, 411
coagulation factor 83, 412
coat protein 240, 243
cofilin 48, 180, 263, 443
collagen 55, 68, 77, 85, 87-89, 218, 301, 303, 308, 359, 392, 397, 414, 452, 458, 485, 486
colony stimulating factor 289, 483
complement 115, 280, 477, 480, 481
connexon 80
cortactin 48
corticotropin-releasing hormone 498
Cortisol 504
costamere 315, 316, 321
CRAC channel 101
creatine 45
creatine kinase 45, 221
cross-talk 164, 322
cyclic adenosine monophosphate 68, 121, 169, 198, 211, 213, 220, 243, 401
cyclic guanosine monophosphate 68, 169, 198, 215, 389, 401, 405
cyclin 14, 31, 178, 458
cyclin-dependent kinase 31, 322
cyclooxygenase 85, 128, 149, 153, 180, 302, 369, 433, 471
cytochrome C 35, 37, 40, 41, 44, 45
cytokine 276, 288, 289, 384, 428, 436, 477, 481
cytokine receptor 115, 170, 276
cytoplasma 9
cytoskeleton 47, 59, 69, 70, 238, 254, 405, 418, 424, 458
cytosol 9

D

Damköhler number 412
Darcy-Weisbach formula 536
Darcy law 533
dendritic cell 282
desmin 315, 321
desmocollin 76
desmoglein 76
desmosine 88
desmosome 76, 308
diacylglycerol 64, 99, 167, 169, 222, 323, 382
diacylglycerol receptor 173
diastole 308, 310, 349
diffusion 487
digestive tract 506
Disheveled 83, 134, 147, 149
Dispatched 146, 149
dispersion 533
DNA 12, 17, 23
dopamine 498
dynamin 245, 248
dynein 51, 238
dyslipidemia 274
dystroglycan 87, 316

E

ectoenzyme 409
EF-hand effector 223
eicosanoid 383-386, 477
elastic artery 360
elastic lamina 360
elastic modulus 89, 90, 362
elastin 82, 85, 88, 359, 392
elastin-laminin receptor 421
elastonectine 88
electrochemical delay 353
electrolyte 266, 267
electrotaxis 453
emilin 378
endocardium 300, 302, 306
endocrine system 497
endocytosis 237, 405
endoglin 142
endomorphine 498
endophilin 235, 250
endoplasmic reticulum 14, 404
endostatin 472
endosteum 286
endothelin 125, 126, 140, 188, 203, 301, 322, 372, 381, 427, 429, 484, 512
endothelium 74, 79, 86, 145, 231, 291, 303, 360, 368, 395, 463
eosinophil 280
ephrin 140, 252, 462, 463
Eph receptor 140
epicardium 300, 328
epidermal growth factor 60, 74, 137, 164, 381, 437
ErbB protein 137, 325
erythrocyte 40, 278
erythropoietin 206, 289, 506
estrogen 505
Euler equation 492
exocytosis 237
exporter 94
extracellular matrix 69, 81, 263, 435, 457, 459, 486
extracellular signal-regulated kinase 36, 137, 171, 177, 178, 182, 255, 328, 421, 423, 427, 432, 458
extravasation 406
ezrin radixin moesin 73, 190, 439

F

Fanning equation 536
farnesoid X receptor 273, 275
feedback loop 163
fibrillin 82
fibrin 283, 412, 414, 416
fibrinogen 268, 284, 414, 416
fibrinolysis 416
fibroblast 81, 82, 88, 91, 291, 359, 464, 477, 481

fibroblast growth factor 245, 301, 439, 464, 471, 474

fibronectin 82, 83, 91, 171, 453, 458, 481
fibrosis 180, 322, 482, 483
fibulin 89, 458
filamin 48, 319
filopodium 256, 259
flotillin 67
flux 404
focal adhesion 54, 74, 75, 81, 123, 149, 180, 189, 218

focal adhesion kinase 76, 171, 184, 261, 327, 421
follicle-stimulating hormone 498
forward difference 548
FoxO factor 21, 22, 37, 142, 206, 207, 286
friction coefficient 536
Frizzled 134, 147
functional hyperemia 127, 369

G

Gab protein 126, 138, 139
galanin 354
galectin 474
gap junction 68, 80, 219, 305, 306, 374, 377, 396
gelsolin 256
gene 12, 20, 25, 161, 179, 322, 450, 460
geodome 49
Gli factor 146
globulin 269
glucagon 503
glucose transporter 112
glutamate 126
glycocalyx 402
glycosaminoglycan 82, 88, 481
glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor 59, 67, 68, 237
glypican 82
Golgi stack 15, 65, 404
gonad 505
gonadotropin-releasing hormone 498
gpl30 receptor 325
granulocyte 266, 280, 289
growth factor 63, 87, 115, 136, 284, 288, 398, 408, 431, 435
growth hormone 499, 501
growth hormone-releasing hormone 498
GTPase-activating protein 190
guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor 191
guanine nucleotide exchange factor 190, 259
guanosine triphosphatase 64, 185, 418, 444
guanosine triphosphate 185, 429
G protein 158, 186, 220, 231, 243, 349, 352, 389, 390, 409, 423, 429, 444
G protein-coupled receptor 64, 82, 113, 115, 186, 191, 215, 220, 231, 390, 409, 469, 479
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 134, 318

H

Hagen-Poiseuille formula 536
haptotaxis 254, 453
HDL 65, 269, 271-274, 433
head loss coefficient 535
healing 480
heart failure 320, 350
heart valve 297, 302, 303, 471
Hedgehog 20, 82, 134, 145, 146
hematocrit 267
hemoglobin 278, 279, 428
hemojuvelin 321
heparan sulfate 82, 143, 149, 160, 398, 407, 505
hepatocyte growth factor 442
hepcidin 321
Hippo pathway 209
histamine 397, 428, 480
histone 12, 27
histone acetyltransferase 12
histone deacetylase 12, 322
His bundle 306
HMG-CoA 64
hormone 94, 98, 115, 288
hormone receptor 94, 497
hormone response element 152
hyperplasia 322
hypertension 128, 191, 197, 215, 392, 398, 483, 484, 504
hypertrophy 13, 138, 140, 180, 211, 230, 231, 298, 316, 320, 322, 327, 350, 392, 483, 504
hypophysis 501
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis 497
hypothalamus 498
hypoxia 204, 205, 392, 429, 470
hypoxia-inducible factor 38, 42, 205, 467, 474

I

IDL 270
Ig cell adhesion molecule 74
importer 94
infarction 173, 350
inflammasome 33, 478
inflammation 19, 476
inhibin 142
inositol trisphosphate 64, 166, 167, 169, 221, 323, 369, 370, 382
inotropy 351, 352
insulation 163, 203
insulin 135, 428, 503, 508
insulin-like growth factor 172, 301, 440, 501
integrin 42, 53, 71, 74-77, 83, 87, 91, 173, 189, 193, 194, 217, 218, 245, 261, 263, 321, 327, 407, 424, 457, 461, 475, 479
intercalated disc 90, 308, 315, 321
interferon 170, 443
interleukin 277, 283, 289, 290, 397, 437, 474, 478
intermediate filament 52
intersectin 405
interstitial matrix 88
intima 360
intimai hyperplasia 196
intussusception 454
ion carrier 64, 68, 329, 341, 377, 382, 400
ion channel 94, 95
ischemia 313

J

JaK protein 124, 170, 196, 443
junctional adhesion molecule 74, 79, 369, 408

K

Keller-Segel model 445
kinesin 51, 52, 238
Kruppel-like factor 327, 431
Kv channel 107, 333

L

lamellipodium 256, 259, 263
lamin 13, 53
laminin 68, 82, 87, 458, 479, 486
LDL 269-271
leaky junction 403
leptin 173, 390, 508, 510
leukocyte 280, 436, 476, 479, 481
leukotriene 127, 167, 280, 384, 392, 429, 477, 481
lipoprotein 115, 269
liver X receptor 22, 66, 273
low-density lipoprotein receptor 147
lusitropy 198, 351
luteinizing hormone 498
lymph 370, 372
lymphatic 142, 371, 474
lymphocyte 196, 280, 436, 479, 481
lymphoid tissue 371
lymphokine 436
lysosome 237

M

macrophagelöl 283, 289, 436, 443, 473, 477, 481
mammalian target of rapamycin 22, 322, 327, 474
MAPK phosphatase 185
mast cell 280
matrix metalloproteinase 83, 408, 459, 481, 482, 485
mechanosensitive channel 41, 96, 99, 401, 421, 423
mechanosensitive receptor 231
mechanotransduction 60, 230, 316, 418
media 360
melatonin 501
melusin 321, 327
membrane raft 18, 58, 59, 67, 68, 159, 212, 237, 244
membrome 241
microfilament 48
microtubule 50, 405
microtubule-associated protein 50
miRNA 8, 20, 27, 298
mitochondrion 16, 41
mitogen-activated protein kinase 123, 124, 174, 177, 262, 327, 431-433, 443, 466, 469, 478, 483
mitosis 19, 30
monocyte 282, 436, 479
monokine 436
mRNA 18, 24, 156
muscarinic receptor 352
muscular artery 362
muscular fiber 328
myocardin 153, 373
myocardium 300, 302, 353, 482
myocyte enhancer factor 13, 179, 322, 327
myoendothelial junction 396
myogenic response 382
myopalladin 319
myopodin 319
myosin 49, 81, 91, 239, 311, 313, 316, 328, 352, 374, 383, 390, 405, 458
myotilin 319

N

Na⁺-Ca⁺⁺ exchanger 105, 332
NADPH oxidase 123, 124, 199, 422, 429, 483
natriuretic peptide 215, 301, 320, 321, 327, 397
Navier-Stokes equation 487, 490, 529, 530, 534
nebulette 319
nebulin 319
necrosis 19, 38
nectin 79
nesprin 14
netrin 461
neuregulin 137, 325
neuropeptide Y 373, 390, 397, 499, 511
neuropilin 441, 442, 461
neutrophil 280, 444, 477, 479, 480
nexin 246
NFKB 145, 171, 202, 204, 321, 322, 424, 478, 483
NFAT factor 35, 151, 172, 229, 322, 325, 483
nidogen 82, 87
nitrative stress 47, 60
nitric oxide 36, 45, 85, 110, 121, 124, 136, 195, 198, 215, 216, 221, 301, 327, 372, 384, 392, 404, 405, 428, 432, 433, 467, 484, 485, 504
nitric oxide synthase 82, 153, 195, 405
nodal tissue 302, 305
non-receptor Ser/Thr kinase 171, 195
non-receptor Tyr kinase 123, 131, 170
noradrenaline 307, 351, 373, 420, 504
Notch signaling 144, 146, 288, 451, 468
nuclear receptor 20
nuclear respiratory factor 21
nucleolus 11, 14, 18
nucleosome 12, 27

O

occludin 79
Orai channel 102, 225
osmotic pressure 96, 262, 267, 269, 278
osteoclast 151
osteopontin 286
ostial valve 363
oxidative phosphorylation 16, 20
oxidative stress 20, 149, 178, 432, 483
Oxytocin 501

P

P1 receptor 120
P2 receptor 120, 256, 284, 389, 390, 401, 486
p38 MAPK 179
pacemaker 98, 306, 334, 338, 343, 351
pancreas 503
parasympathetic 307, 354
parathyroid hormone 502
PAR protein 79
Patched 146, 147
paxillin 178, 218, 261
PCr circuit 45
pericardium 301
pericyte 369, 371, 378, 381, 463, 478
perlecan 82, 398
peroxiredoxin 485
PGC protein 20, 21, 29, 307
phagocytosis 237
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase 22, 63, 126, 136, 137, 140, 168, 184, 193, 198, 206, 256, 285, 322, 424, 441, 444, 453, 458, 469, 470, 479
phosphodiesterase 214
phosphoinositide 61, 244, 445
phospholamban 104, 230, 316, 349, 350, 352, 358
phospholipase A 63, 124, 167, 369
phospholipase B 167
phospholipase C 54, 63, 64, 103, 123, 166, 167, 223, 322, 382, 433, 441, 469, 503
phospholipase D 64, 124, 167, 317, 443
pineal gland 501
piRNA 18
PI kinase 61, 62
PI phosphatase 61-63
placenta 506
plakophilin 83
plasmalogen 60
plasmerosome 106
plasmin 412, 416, 480
platelet 151, 218, 283, 415, 416, 477
platelet-derived growth factor 74, 85, 182, 263, 284, 381, 392, 438, 463, 464, 474, 480, 485
plexin 143, 144, 263, 441, 461
PMCA pump 104, 332
pore 94
porin 45
PPAR protein 20, 43, 153, 273, 302
pregnancy 124
profilin 48
progesterone 505
prolactin 170, 498, 501
prostacyclin 128, 384, 386, 412, 429
prostaglandin 85, 128, 167, 180, 219, 280, 301, 370, 381, 384, 433, 477, 480
proteasome 25
protein C 316, 415, 433
protein kinase A 171, 199, 243, 313, 332, 349, 351, 352
protein kinase B 36, 63, 168, 177, 286, 324, 327, 424, 433, 445, 469
protein kinase C 36, 64, 165, 167, 171-173, 178, 200, 217, 221, 243, 313, 320, 323, 327, 351, 374, 377, 382, 479
protein kinase D 173, 327
protein kinase G 199, 440
protein S 415, 433
protein Tyr kinase 170
proteoglycan 82, 87, 90, 245, 359, 440, 459, 481
proteolysis 156
pruning 455
Purkinje fiber 305, 306

R

Rab protein 134, 158, 237, 239-241, 244, 251, 253
Rac protein 86, 171, 192, 216, 218, 248, 259, 262, 263, 431, 444, 466, 483
Raf protein 177
Rap protein 192, 194, 211, 213, 217
Ras protein 177, 191, 242, 259, 260, 263, 327, 424, 458
reactive nitrogen species 47
reactive oxygen species 16, 43, 46, 83, 86, 143, 173, 429, 481
receptor 113, 158, 161
receptor-activity modifying protein 502, 504
receptor interacting protein 32
receptor Ser/Thr kinase 113, 142, 171, 248
receptor Tyr kinase 113, 123, 131, 135, 170, 248, 423
receptor Tyr phosphatase 113, 142
refractory period 353
regulator of G-protein signaling 188, 334, 469
replisome 30
resistin 301, 511
retinoic acid receptor 66, 153
retinoid X receptor 66, 153, 273
Rho kinase 81, 171, 180, 190, 192, 259, 261, 263, 374, 444
Rho protein 63, 70, 79, 81, 86, 111, 122, 149, 170, 171, 173, 176, 179, 180, 187, 189-191, 259, 374, 403, 443, 444, 458, 479
ribonucleoprotein 14
ribosome 18, 24
RNA-binding protein 157
RNA-induced silencing complex 26
RNA interference 26
RNA Operon 157
Rnd protein 260, 263
rRNA 11
ryanodine receptor 103, 311, 331, 349, 352

S

S100 protein 350
sarcomere 310
sarcoplasmic reticulum 309, 310, 332, 350
selectin 70, 284, 407, 479
semaphorin 143, 263, 441, 461
Ser/Thr protein phosphatase 182
SERCA pump 104, 198, 332, 349
serotonin 284, 397
serum amyloid-A 274
serum response factor 13, 373
shear stress response element 422
SHIP enzyme 64, 181
SHP enzyme 76, 126, 136, 151, 424, 438, 441
sinoatrial node 305
sirtuin 13, 21, 207
Smoothened 134, 146
smooth muscle cell 81, 88, 145, 253, 373
SNARE protein 194, 236, 242-244, 246, 254
somatostatin 498, 501
sonic hedgehog 450
sphingosine-1-phosphate 130, 443, 469
Src protein 170, 219
SREBP factor 22
STAT factor 137, 145, 184, 277, 483, 501
stem cell 285, 296, 446
stem cell factor 290
steroid 94, 152
STIM1 protein 102
Stokes equation 492
store-operated channel 99, 101, 103
strain 85
stress-activated MAPK 179
stress fiber 49, 54, 76, 180, 259, 261, 263
stromal interaction molecule 101
substance P 373, 389, 428
Syk kinase 151, 218
sympathetic 307, 354
symporter 94
synaptojanin 252
syndecan 82
synectin 240
systole 310, 335

T

T-tubule 310, 316
talin 48, 76
Taylor dispersion 533
Tec protein 170
telethonin 310, 319
tenascin 458
tensegrity 56, 384
tensin 76
Thebesian valve 363
thioredoxin 432
thioredoxin interacting protein 432
Thorel bundle 306
thrombin 283, 284, 411, 414, 415, 417
thrombopoietin 289
thrombospondin 285, 459, 470
thromboxane 284, 390, 416
thrombus 416
thymus 506
thyroid 501
thyroid-stimulating hormone 499
thyroid hormone 152
thyrotropin-releasing hormone 498
thyroxine 501
tight junction 79, 174, 306, 365, 396
tissue factor 129, 412, 414, 416, 463
tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 83
titin 310, 318
TNF receptor 203
Toll-like receptor 151, 483
transcription activator/repressor 422
transcription factor 13, 21, 29, 33, 156, 157, 216, 223, 276, 277, 288
transcription factor p53 14, 21, 36, 203, 207, 208
transcytosis 237
transforming growth factor 79, 81, 142, 285, 392, 440, 463, 464, 474, 480
transglutaminase 397, 459
translocase 60
translocon 39
transporter 94
TREM receptor 151
tricellular corner 404
triglyceride 269
triiodothyronine 501
tRNA 24
tropomyosin 311, 314, 347, 377
troponin 311, 312, 321, 347, 352
TRP channel 325
tubulin 50, 248
tumor-necrosis factor 32, 203, 291, 322, 431-433, 442, 478, 483, 509

U

ubiquitin 158, 159, 244, 247
ubiquitination 156, 206, 244, 245
uniporter 94
uridine adenosine tetraphosphate 390
urokinase 485

V

varicose vein 261
Vaschy-Buckingham theorem 526
vascular endothelial growth factor 206, 424, 433, 440, 465, 470, 474, 475
vasculogenesis 453
vasoactive intestinal peptide 373, 397
vasopressin 134, 381, 397, 501
VAVGEF 191
venous valve 362
vesicle 158, 162, 235, 236, 238, 242, 243, 404
Vieussens valve 363
vimentin 53
vinculin 48, 53, 76, 261, 315
VLDL 269-271
voltage-gated channel 94, 96, 106, 107, 110, 119, 213, 311, 329, 347, 352, 374, 382, 401, 423

W

wall shear stress 178, 396, 402, 423, 425, 429, 484
WASP protein 250, 257
WAVE protein 257
Wenckebach bundle 306
Windkessel 359, 360
Wnt signaling 82, 147, 248, 288

Z

zipcode-binding protein 69
zonula adherens 77
zonula occludens 79
zyxin 320