Inhaltsverzeichnis

Vorwort

Preface

The title of this book reflects an emergence and fast development (started essentially in mid-1990s) of a new branch of physics which is still in its infancy at present. First, we need to explain the term "complex plasma" used in the title. It was recognized by astrophysicists many years ago that (1) in many regions of space numerous solid micro-particles called "dust" are present, and they are embedded in space plasmas and range in sizes from sub-nanometer to several hundred micrometer scales; (2) chemical processes on the grain surfaces play an important role in space; (3) the dust particles acquire rather large charges; (4) the infrared emission from space is related to the presence of dust; and (5) the dust determines many properties of interstellar media, star and planet formation regions, properties of planetary rings, cometary tails, etc. This kind of plasma is often called "dusty plasma."

First investigations of dusty plasmas started in early 1950s and advancements of these approaches continue to the present time. Solid micro-particles in these first studies were described as isolated, rarely distributed components with negligible mutual interactions between grains. The number of publications in the early 1990s was around 20-30 articles per year. Then three major discoveries changed the situation significantly; all of them related to conditions where grain interactions with each other and with other plasma components become noticeable or even strong. These interactions convert the system into a complex plasma state where grains form a liquid or a crystal state. By the end of 1990s the number of publications in the field of complex plasmas (including its small section related to dusty plasma) increased to about 300-400 per year; this number still continues to increase.

The main point is that a new physics, not used previously, is being incorporated for the purpose of understanding of newly observed and discovered phenomena. The rapid growth of this field clearly indicates that the field is still in its infancy. At present, some fundamental but elementary processes seem to be understood well enough, which allows us to make valid statements concerning the elementary physics in complex plasmas and to facilitate further investigations in the field. That is the aim of this book.

We mention here these major discoveries in the chronological order. In early 1990s, etching, surface-processing, and computer chips manufacturing were faced with serious problems related to the presence of levitating strongly interacting grain clouds which contaminated substrates. Then in mid-1990s, four groups of experimentalists in different countries almost simultaneously discovered that strong grain interaction could create grain crystals and liquids in plasmas, called plasma crystals and liquids, respectively. Finally, in late 1990s, it was realized that for future programs of energy production in controlled fusion devices, the energy flux to the walls of the devices creates a large amount of radioactive dust grains. Laboratory investigation of complex plasmas following these discoveries shows definitely that, as compared to common matter, a new physics is involved; the openness of the dust plasma system and self-organization play an important role in understanding new phenomena which in certain aspects resemble those of biological systems. For example, description of electrostatics of DNA is surprisingly similar to that used in complex plasmas (but still lays behind developments achieved in the field of complex plasmas).

It is obvious to us that this new, fast-growing field represents the start of a new branch of physics that is of general interest. At present, we are only at the initial stages of this development, and new discoveries are expected in the near future. We are able to describe here only the major achievements; we try to describe them in terms of elementary physics that can be used both by researchers in the field and by other physicists interested in the latest developments.

The book's contributors either conducted the research in the field before the mentioned explosion of interest or took part directly in the first discoveries. By the end of 1980s, Morfill was actively interested in space dusty plasmas including problems of planetary rings, planet formation, dust in the Earth's magnetosphere, etc. By 1989, Tsytovich, who was interested in several aspects of fundamental plasma physics and astrophysics, had already started his investigation in the physics of dust in the lower ionosphere. Both had conducted a research which lays foundations for further research in complex plasmas when the mentioned explosion in the field took place in particular with the discovery of plasma crystals in 1994 by Thomas and Morfill. Thomas was the first experimentalist to encounter the new phenomena in complex plasmas. Vladimirov had started his research in complex plasmas in 1993 and established the complex plasma group at the University of Sydney. Since the mid-late-1990s, all authors have been extensively collaborating in the field. The physical intuition acquired in this field is one of the most important issues; thus the authors decided to share it with other researchers in the field. Of course this intuition could be personal but the authors think that it is their obligation to share it with the broader scientific community.

Vadim Tsytovich
Gregory Morfill
Sergey Vladimirov
Hubertus M. Thomas

Klappentext

Lecture Notes in Physics 731

Vadim N.Tsytovich
Gregory E. Morfill
Sergey V.VIadimirov
Hubertus Thomas
Elementary Physics of Complex Plasmas

Complex plasmas are dusty plasmas in which the density and electric charges of the dust grains are sufficiently high to induce long-range grain-grain interactions, as well as strong absorption of charged-plasma components. Together with the sources replenishing the plasma such systems form a highly dissipative thermodynamically open system that exhibits many features of collective behaviour generally found in complex systems. Most notably among them are self-organized patterns such as plasma crystals, plasma clusters, dust stars and further spectacular new structures. Beyond their intrinsic scientific interest, the study of complex plasmas grows in importance in a great variety of fields, ranging from space-plasma sciences to applied fields such as plasma processing, thin-film deposition and even the production of computer chips by plasma etching, in which strongly interacting clouds of complex plasmas can cause major contamination of the final product.

Intended as first introductory but comprehensive survey of this rapidly emerging field, the present book addresses postgraduate students as well as specialist and nonspecialist researchers with a general background in either plasma physics, space sciences or the physics of complex systems.

ISBN 978-3-540-29000-1

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Index

A

agglomerates of dust grains: found in etching devices, 51
agglomerates of grains: fractal shape, 54
agglomeration of grains, 25, 212, 213, 322
anisotropic screening, 259
applicability criterion: for OML
approach, 90
attachment coefficient, 210
attraction forces between grains, 26, 223, 314
attraction of grains, 86, 247
attraction potential well, 231

B

basic state of complex plasmas, 141
basic state: equations, 146
basic state: of complex plasmas, 144, 158
binary correlation function, 263
Bohm criterion, 247
Boltzmann distribution, 69, 71
boundary free 2D clusters, 326
boundary free clusters, 320, 321, 329
boundary free: dust surface, 351
boundary free: dust void, 339

C

change of grain charges with inter-grain distance, 201
charge fluctuations, 191, 192
charge fluctuations: induced by dust, 193
charge fluctuations: non-collective, 189
charge-exchange collisions, 81
charging coefficient, 114
charging damping, 154
charging frequency, 91, 142
charging length, 93
charging of grains, 67, 72
charging time, 68, 98, 115
charging: by super-thermal particles, 98
charging: diffusion limited model, 109
charging: in strong magnetic field, 99
charging:radial drift model, 106
cluster shell, 313
cluster size, 308, 315
cluster: equilibrium size, 321
clusters stability, 308
clusters: energy for ionization and dissociation, 324
clusters: global modes, 315
clusters: three dimensional, 328
clusters: two dimensional, 305, 314
clusters:self-confinement, 313
coefficient: of collective attraction, 221
collective attraction, 157, 217, 221, 267
collective attraction: for linear screening, 215, 281
collective attraction: for non-linear screening, 227
collective attraction: in magnetic field, 225
collective attraction: of grains, 361
collective effects, 198, 203
collective effects in screening, 85
collective fluxes, 216
collective interactions, 26, 189, 197
collective modes, 141, 165, 169
collective modes: excited by fast grains, 165
collective modes: in external magnetic field, 184
collective non-linear attraction, 216
collective pair interactions, 2, 199
collective plasma flux, 21
collective screening factor, 221
collisions of grains, 238
complex plasma physics: used in etching industry, 52
complex plasma self-organization, 36
complex plasmas: as open system, 18
complex plasmas: dissipation processes, 31
complex plasmas: highly dissipative, 1

complex plasmas: liquid states in magnetic field, 57
complex plasmas: new magnetic materials, 56
complex plasmas: new principles used
computer technology, 48
complex plasmas: new surfaces production, 54
complex plasmas: non Hamiltonian system., 17
complex plasmas: related environmental problems, 62
complex plasmas: self -energy, 2

complex plasmas: selforganization, 2 complex plasmas: thermodynamically open, 1

complex plasmas:main differences with ordinary matter, 1

contamination by dust: collective cloud instabilities, 50
continuity equation, 116, 123
correlation function, 187, 329
Coulomb clusters, 306
Coulomb energy, 201
coupling constant, 8, 248, 271, 278, 283
coupling constant: between fluxes and polarization charges, 220
coupling constant: dependence on Havnes parameter, 10
coupling constant: for non-linear screening, 13
coupling constant:for linear screening, 12
creation damping, 182
criterion for collective interactions, 199
criterion for domination of dust-plasma particle collisions, 202
criterion for non-linear interaction, 203
criterion for non-linearity in screening, 72
critical coupling constant, 253, 306
critical length, 285
critical length: for collective interactions, 261
critical magnetic field, 99, 226
critical number: for grains in clusters, 311
critical size: for collective interactions, 250
critical wave number: for instability, 153, 157, 159
cross-sections of charging for OML approach, 88
crystal defects, 268
crystal dislocations, 270
crystal melting, 270, 273
crystal structures: coexistence, 259
crystallization: front, 28
crystallizatiomkinetic level of observations, 27
current on grain surface, 68

D

damping Landau: of dust ion-sound waves, 171
damping of dust ion-sound waves, 150
Debye length, 69, 254, 329
Debye potential, 70
Debye screening, 310
defect migration, 271
definitions: of crystals and clusters, 197
dielectric permittivity, 148
disordered state, 27, 273
dispersion relation: for dust acoustic waves, 150
dispersion relation: for dust ion-sound waves, 149
dispersion relation: for mono-layer dust lattice waves, 294
drag coefficient, 117, 118, 208
drag coefficient for electrons friction on grains, 133
drag coefficient: collective, 233
drag coefficient: general non-linearity, 121
drag coefficient: linear, 118
drag coefficient: non-linear, 119
drag force, 124
drag force: in the sheath, 291
dust plasma particle absorption, 199
dust acoustic waves, 142
dust bending waves, 301
dust boundaries, sharp, 127
dust bubbles, 36
dust charge: virtual, 338
dust clouds : in etching devices, 49
dust clouds: in computer technology, 49
dust clumps, 37
dust cluster: observations, 306
dust clusters: global modes, 308
dust convection, 355
dust convection instability, 348
dust convection: induced by external probe, 356
dust formation: in fusion devices, 59
dust helical structures, 334
dust helical structures: winding, 336
dust in fusion devices, 58
dust in noctilucent clouds, 63
dust in planetary rings, 62
dust ion-acoustic waves, 142
dust lattice solitons, 297
dust lattice waves, 143, 294
dust plasma frequency, 152, 257
dust self-organized structures: between the walls, 353
dust shear waves, 143, 302
dust sheath: collision-dominated, 353
dust structures: cylindrical, 354
dust structures: global modes, 348
dust structures: hybrid, 357
dust structures: list of numerically investigated structures, 340
dust structures: observed onboard the ISS, 344
dust structures: sharp boundaries, 343
dust structures: spherical, 342, 354
dust structures: with two grain sizes, 354
dust surface temperature, 211
dust temperature: during plasma condensation, 275
dust void sheaths, 349
dust void size, 347
dust void: surface structure, 339
dust voids, 36, 127
dust voids: critical ionization level, 345
dust voids:virtual, 340
dust vortices, 53
dust vortices: toroidal, 356
dust wall sheaths: collision less, 350
dust-neutral collisions, 128, 308
dust: and thunderstorms, 63
dust: in industrial exhausts, 64
dust: role in global warming, 63

E

electron-neutral collisions, 202
electrostatic collective gravitation like instability, 143
electrostatic collective gravitation-like instability, 164
electrostatic gravitation like instability, 163
electrostatic gravitation-like instability, 143
electrostatic gravit ation-like noncollective instability, 163
electrostatic non-collective gravitationlike instability, 159
electrostatic two grain energy, 200
equation for charging, 91
equation for grain charging, 86
equilibrium grain distributions: in clusters, 317
excitation of Mach cones, 303
experiment: onboard the ISS, 359
experiments on grain collisions, 236
experiments: for clusters, 315, 326
experiments: kinetic level of observations, 27
experiments: on mono-layer dust lattice waves, 295
experiments: onboard the ISS, 38
experiments: under micro-gravity, 359
external sources of ionization, 145

F

fast grain: interaction with plasma crystals, 32

finite size of grains, 218

finite size systems, 183

flow and floe phase, 277
flow behind obstacle, 31
flow regions, 272
fluctuations, 186
fluctuations of grain charges, 187, 190
fluctuations: and dust-dust interactions, 186

fluctuations: spontaneous, 187

fluxes: of electrons and ions on grains, 89
Fokker-Planck equation, 191

force-free crystal, 268

formation of dust structures, 158

frequencies of cluster oscillations, 323

G

global modes: of clusters, 311
grain interaction, 293
grain interactions: in 2D clusters, 305
grain size growth: in gas discharges, 213
grain-grain interactions, 311
grain-grain interactions, 1
grains: collected in controlled fusion devices, 59
growth rate maximum, 155
Gurevich screening, 73
Gurevich screening factor, 75

H

Havnes parameter, 93
Havnes parameter modified, 93
helical structures, 307
hexagonal structures, 328

I

influence of charging on grain screening, 79
inhomogeneity of dust structures, 162
instabilities induced by dust, 142
instability physics, 156
instability stabilization, 155
instability: of dust acoustic waves, 154
instability: of dust ion-sound waves, 153
instability: universal, 154
intense laser: interaction with dust agglomerates system, 61
inter-grain distance, 249, 280
interaction: of two dust clouds, 34
interactions: of fluxes and polarization charges, 220
ion drag force, 346
ion drift, 77, 255
ion flow, 95, 214, 224, 262, 291
ion flux, 205, 218, 248
ion friction force due to dust drag, 117
ion friction on dust, 142
ion inertia force, 123
ion-neutral collisions, 81, 112, 124
ion-neutral frictions, 280
ion-sound velocity, 149
ionization, 198
ionization rate, 229, 280
ionization source, 217, 231

J

Jeans length: for electrostatic collective gravitation like instability, 164
Jeans length: for electrostatic gravitation-like instability, 163
Jeans length: for universal instability, 163

K

Karman vortex, 32
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, 32
kinetic description: of collective modes, 185

L

Langevin equation, 192
large grain charges, 9
laser sheath, 257
lattice planes, 265
lattice structures, 266
linear screening, 319, 326
linear screening conditions, 69
linear screening: for dust interactions in clusters, 316
long-range correlations, 252, 266
long-range grain interactions, 22
long-range grain potential, 100, 102, 209
long-range interactions, 3, 16, 26
loss-cone instability, 80

M

Mach cone: angle relation, 304
Mach cones, 165, 167
Mach cones: 2D dust lattice Mach cones, 303
Mach cones: dusty plasma diagnostic, 305
Mach number, 83, 87, 96, 175, 176, 292, 349
magic numbers, 313
MD simulations, 327
MD simulations: of clusters, 327
MD simulations: of helical structures, 335
measurement: of absorption of dust acoustic waves, 179
measurement: of critical wave numbers, 160
measurements: of dust acoustic waves dispersion, 181
measurements: of Dust ion-sound wave dumping, 170
measurements: of grain-grain interactions, 307
measurements: of linear dust chain dispersion, 296
measurements: of screened interaction, 234
melting of plasma crystal, 248
micro-gravity conditions, 96
modified Havnes parameter, 10, 203, 216, 222, 243, 253, 280
mono-crystals, 28
mono-layer crystal, 199, 250, 289
mono-layer crystal observed, 289
mono-layer crystal: controlled deposition, 291
mono-layer crystal: stimulated sublimation, 299
mono-layer: dust lattice waves, 293
mono-layer: homogeneity, 293
multi-component model of dusty plasmas, 16, 142

N

nano-technology, 4
nano-tubes, 56
nano-tubes: in controlled fusion devices, 60
neutral drag force, 130
neutral gas drag, 237
neutral gas flux, 210
new material production, 55
non-collective attraction: in clusters, 320
non-collective attractions, 284, 328
non-collective interactions, 197, 205
non-linear collective attraction, 279
non-linear responses, 184
non-linear screening, 79, 203, 213, 228, 319, 325
non-linear screening factor, 73, 77
non-linear screening radius, 77
non-linear screening: in clusters, 318
non-linearity in screening, 13, 203
numerical simulations, 327

O

observational techniques, 256
observations: modes of clusters, 319
observations: of clusters, 309
observations: of crystallization on kinetic level, 30
observations: of dust acoustic waves, 177
observations: of dust ion-sound waves, 169
observations: of dust voids, 37
observations: of dust vortices, 355
observations: of Mach cones, 303
observations: of plasma condensation, 23
obstacles: in complex plasmas, 30
one component plasma, 253
openness of complex plasma systems, 198, 202
Orbit Motion Limited approach, 88
order parameter, 252
ordering rules: for clusters, 311
orientational order, 263, 273
over-screening, 254
ozone layer, 64

P

pair correlation, 199, 252
pair correlation function, 185, 263, 329
pair grain interactions, 197, 198, 200, 250
parabolic confinement, 307
parameters of plasma crystals, 265
perturbation of ground state, 216
phase diagram, 6 phase transitions, 251, 270
plasma clusters, 200
plasma condensation, 11, 23, 30, 70, 72, 95, 189, 199, 248, 251
plasma crystal, 199, 247, 249, 263
plasma crystal structures, 258
plasma crystals observed, 253
plasma flux absorption by grains, 250
plasma flux length, 19, 21
plasma liquid, 252
plasma particle absorption by grains, 1
plasma pre-sheath, 77, 95
plasma processing, 4
plasma responses, 141
plasma sheath, 77, 95, 202, 214, 234, 240, 247, 248, 257, 291, 299, 320
Poisson's equation, 69, 135, 143, 188
poly-crystals, 28
potential barriers, 71, 72, 102, 106, 112
propagation of fast particles through crystals, 33

Q

quasi-neutrality condition, 135
quasi-neutrality in complex plasmas, 134

R

radio-frequency discharges, 254
radioactive dust, 61
ranges for responses: in complex plasmas, 142
ratio of ion to electron temperatures, 12
recrystallization, 27

S

Sato cleaner, 52
screening factor, 13, 69, 76, 228, 279
screening factor ip, 69
screening factor: for collective interactions, 232
screening length, 76
screening linear, 69
screening of grain field, 3
screening: anisotropic, 84
screening: Gurevich polarization factor, 74
screening: influence of ion flow, 82
screening: non-linear, 71
second electron emission, 112
self-confined: grain layer, 38
self-confinement: in complex plasmas, 38
self-energy of interacting grains, 201
self-organization: conditions, 40
shadow attraction forces, 205
shadow attraction: by neutral flux, 209, 210
shadow coefficient, 208
shadow flux, 208
shadow force: by ion flux, 207
shadow force: for non-linear screening, 209
shear flow, 32
shear waves, 302
shells of dust clusters, 310
shock waves, 173, 175
simulations, 84, 329
solar cells, 62
solitons, 175
spherical grains: production in etching, 55
steepening of ion sound waves observed, 172
striations, 254
strong coupling, 6, 14
structure strongly non-linear, 176
structures: in complex plasmas, 36
structurization, 200
structurization instability, 143, 333
structurization of complex plasmas, 164
struturized complex plasma state, 187
surface collective modes, 183

T

table size fusion devices, 61
temperature of phase transition, 248, 279
thermal flux, 211
thermionic emission, 94
thermophoretic force, 33, 127, 130, 202, 212, 242, 350
time of grain charging, 87
total electrostatic energy, 202
translational order, 263
transport cross-section: for non-linear screening, 121
trapped ions, 72, 80
two stream dust instability, 33

U

uni-polar arc production of dust, 60
universal parameters determining self-organized dust structures, 343

V

Van der Waals equation, 281, 282
Van der Waals forces, 212
variability: of dust charges, 16
vertical dust strings, 301
vibrational state, 273
virtual voids, 348
virtual: boundary, 351

W

wake, 82, 214, 260, 301
walking through the wall, 32

Y

Yukawa potential, 70

Reviews

From the reviews: "This book offers a state-of-the-art in research and scientific achievements in a relatively new, now rapidly developing field of complex plasma media. ... Each of the eight chapters is supplemented by a comprehensive list of up-to-date references as well as suggestions for the future work. To conclude, this book is no doubt of a unique value to researchers in the field of dusty plasmas as well as to graduate students in physics, astrophysics, and in technical sciences." (Vladimir Cadez, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1151, 2009) "Written primarily for researchers in the field of complex (dusty) plasmas, but it contains enough introductory material ... for a topical course on the physics of complex plasmas. ... The book contains an extensive list of references ... very helpful to anyone preparing a manuscript for publication or a research proposal. ... an excellent addition to the present collection of books on complex (dusty) plasmas. This book is recommended to anyone wishing to acquire a firm understanding ... of the complex plasma state." (Robert L. Merlino, Plasma Physics, Vol. 75 (5), 2009)