Inhaltsverzeichnis

Vorwort

Preface to the Third Edition

On my 1990 sabbatical leave from the University of Toronto, I worked for the NHK (Japan Broadcasting Station) Science and Technology Laboratory. I recall my initial visit to the executive floor of NHK, a spacious room with a commanding view of metropolitan Tokyo. I could not help but notice High Definition Televisions (HDTVs) in every corner of the room. At that time HDTV technology was just breaking into the marketplace, and there was fierce competition for mass-producing HDTVs. When I entered the room the HDTVs were turned on one after the other as my host proclaimed, "This is the future of the television. Isn't the quality of the picture superb?"

I replied, "They are indeed superb, but if the HDTV images were 3D, that would be really out-of-this world."

The host continued, "3D HDTV is our future project."

That was nearly twenty years ago, and much progress has been made in 3D imaging techniques since then and this future is here with us. The amount of information in the literature on this subject is now substantial. 3D imaging techniques are not merely limited to the television industry. The basic techniques are also used in the automobile, electronics, entertainment and medical industries. Inspired by this area of growth, I added Chap. 16 on 3D imaging, which starts with a brief historical introduction of 3D imaging from the ancient Greek era to modern times. The chapter then expands on basic principles of 13 different types of 3D displays.

The errata of the second edition of Engineering Optics, which were previously published on my Web site, have been corrected in this edition.

A few new problem set-type questions have been added for teaching purposes.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my colleague and fellow engineer, Ms. Mary Jean Giliberto for her excellent editing assistance. This book and its previous edition would not have been possible without the unconditional caring support of my wife and family.

Toronto, October 2007

Keigo Iizuka

Preface to the Second Edition

The first edition of this textbook was published only last year, and now, the publisher has decided to issue a paperback edition. This is intended to make the text more affordable to everyone who would like to broaden their knowledge of modern problems in optics.

The aim of this book is to provide a basic understanding of the important features of the various topics treated. A detailed study of all the subjects comprising the field of engineering optics would fill several volumes. This book could perhaps be likened to a soup: it is easy to swallow, but sooner or later heartier sustenance is needed. It is my hope that this book will stimulate your appetite and prepare you for the banquet that could be yours.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank those readers, especially Mr. Branislav Petrovic, who sent me appreciative letters and helpful comments. These have encouraged me to introduce a few minor changes and improvements in this edition.

Toronto, September 1986

Keigo Iizuka

Preface to the First Edition

"Which area do you think I should go into?" or "Which are the areas that have the brightest future?" are questions that are frequently asked by students trying to decide on a field of specialization. My advice has always been to pick any field that combines two or more disciplines such as Nuclear Physics, Biomedical Engineering, Optoelectronics, or even Engineering Optics. With the ever growing complexity of today's science and technology, many a problem can be tackled only with the cooperative effort of more than one discipline.

Engineering Optics deals with the engineering aspects of optics, and its main emphasis is on applying the knowledge of optics to the solution of engineering problems. This book is intended both for the physics student who wants to apply his knowledge of optics to engineering problems and for the engineering student who wants to acquire the basic principles of optics.

The material in the book was arranged in an order that would progressively increase the student's comprehension of the subject. Basic tools and concepts presented in the earlier chapters are then developed more fully and applied in the later chapters. In many instances, the arrangement of the material differs from the true chronological order.

The following is intended to provide an overview of the organization of the book. In this book, the theory of the Fourier transforms was used whenever possible because it provides a simple and clear explanation for many phenomena in optics. Complicated mathematics have been completely eliminated.

Chapter 1 gives a historical prospective of the field of optics in general. It is amazing that, even though light has always been a source of immense curiosity for ancient peoples, most principles of modern optics had to wait until the late eighteenth century to be conceived, and it was only during the mid-nineteenth century with Maxwell's equations that modern optics was fully brought to birth. The century following that event has been an exciting time of learning and a tremendous growth which we have been witnessing today.

Chapter 2 summarizes the mathematical functions which very often appear in optics and it is intended as a basis for the subsequent chapters.

Chapter 3 develops diffraction theory and proves that the far field diffraction pattern is simply the Fourier transform of the source (or aperture) function. This Fourier-transform relationship is the building block of the entire book (Fourier optics).

Chapter 4 tests the knowledge obtained in Chaps. 2 and 3. A series of practical examples and their solutions are collected in this chapter.

Chapter 5 develops geometrical optics which is the counterpart of Fourier optics appearing in Chap. 3. The power of geometrical optics is convincingly demonstrated when working with inhomogeneous transmission media because, for this type of media, other methods are more complicated. Various practical examples related to fiber optics are presented so that the basic knowledge necessary for fiber optical communication in Chap. 13 is developed.

Chapter 6 deals with the Fourier transformable and image formable properties of a lens using Fourier optics. These properties of a lens are abundantly used in optical signal processing appearing in Chap. 11.

Chapter 7 explains the principle of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). In order to construct a versatile system, the merits of both analog and digital processing have to be cleverly amalgamated. Only through this hybrid approach can systems such as computer holography, computer tomography or a hologram matrix radar become possible.

Chapter 8 covers both coherent and white light holography. The fabrication of holograms by computer is also included. While holography is popularly identified with its ability to create three-dimensional images, the usefulness of holography as a measurement technique deserves equal recognition. Thus, holography is used for measuring minute changes and vibrations, as a machining tool, and for profiling the shape of an object.

Descriptions of microwave holography are given in Chap. 12 as a separate chapter. Knowledge about the diffraction field and FFT which are found in Chaps. 3 and 6 are used as the basis for many of the discussions on holography.

Chapter 9 shows a pictorial cook book for fabricating a hologram. Experience in fabricating a hologram could be a memorable initiation for a student who wishes to be a pioneer in the field of engineering optics.

Chapter 10 introduces analysis in the spatial frequency domain. The treatment of optics can be classified into two broad categories: one is the space domain, which has been used up to this chapter, and the other is the spatial frequency domain, which is newly introduced here. These two domains are related by the Fourier-transform relationship. The existence of such dual domains connected by Fourier transforms is also found in electronics and quantum physics. Needless to say, the final results are the same regardless of the choice of the domain of analysis. Examples dealing with the lens in Chap. 6 are used to explain the principle.

Chapter 11 covers optical signal processing of various sorts. Knowledge of diffraction, lenses, FFT and holography, covered in Chaps. 3, 6, 7 and 8, respectively, is used extensively in this chapter. In addition to coherent and incoherent optical processing, Chap. 11 also includes a section on tomography. Many examples are given in this chapter with the hope that they will stimulate the reader's imagination to develop new techniques.

Chapter 12 is a separate chapter on microwave holography. While Chap. 8 concerns itself primarily with light wave holography, Chap. 12 extends the principles of holography to the microwave region. It should be pointed out that many of the techniques mentioned here are also applicable to acoustic holography.

Chapter 13 describes fiber-optical communication systems which combine the technologies of optics and those of communications. The treatment of the optical fiber is based upon the geometrical-optics point of view presented in Chap. 5. Many of the components developed for fiber-optical communication systems find applications in other areas as well.

Chapter 14 provides the basics necessary to fully understand integrated optics. Many an integrated optics device uses the fact that an electro or acousto-optic material changes its refractive index according to the external electric field or mechanical strain. The index of refraction of these materials, however, depends upon the direction of the polarization of the light (anisotropic) and the analysis for the anisotropic material is different from that of isotropic material. This chapter deals with the propagation of light in such media.

Chapter 15 deals with integrated optics, which is still such a relatively young field that almost anyone with desire and imagination can contribute.

Mrs. Mary Jean Giliberto played an integral role in proof reading and styling the English of the entire book. Only through her devoted painstaking contribution was publication of this book possible. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to her.

Mr. Takamitsu Aoki of Sony Corporation gave me his abundant cooperation. He checked all the formulas, and solved all problem sets. He was thus the man behind the scenes who played all of these important roles.

I am thankful to Dr. Junichi Nakayama of Kyoto Institute of Technology for helping me to improve various parts of Chap. 10. I am also grateful to Professor Stefan Zukotynski and Mr. Dehuan He of The University of Toronto for their assistance. The author also wishes to thank Professor T. Tamir of The Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn and Dr. H. K. V. Lotsch of Springer Verlag for critical reading and correcting the manuscript. Mr. R. Michels of Springer-Verlag deserves praise for his painstaking efforts to convert the manuscript into book form. Megumi Iizuka helped to compile the Subject Index.

Toronto, August 1985

Keigo Iizuka

Klappentext

Springer Series in Optical Sciences 35

K. lizuka Engineering Optics

Third Edition

Engineering Optics is a book for students who want to apply their knowledge of optics to engineering problems, as well as for engineering students who want to acquire the basic principles of optics. It covers such important topics as optical signal processing, holography, tomography, holographic radars, fiber optical communication, electro and acoustooptic devices, and integrated optics (including optical bistability). As a basis for understanding these topics, the first few chapters give easy-to-follow explanations of diffraction theory, Fourier transforms, and geometrical optics. Practical examples, such as the video disk, the Fresnel zone plate, and many more, appear throughout the text, together with numerous solved exercises. There is an entirely new section in this updated edition on 3-D imaging.

ISBN 978-0-387-75723-0

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Index

camcorder 469, 470
camera phone 471
diagram of effects of 466
history of 459
imaging 459
laptop computer 468, 471
longitudinal translation method 481
movie 462, 472
physiological factors 464
psychological factors 465
remembered geometry 465
shading 465
spinning screen method 482
superimposed cross-sectional images 482
television 492
volumetric method 481

A

Aberration 8
- free 157
Absorption edge 396
Absorption region, inherent (see also Fiber) 340
Abu Ali Al-Hasen ibn al-Hasan ibn
Al-Haytham 6
- Accommodation 464
Acetic acid 230
Acoustooptic
- deflector 388
- effect 386
- modulator 388
ADP 372, 375, 377
Aether 19
- wind 19
Agfa 8E75 227
Algebraic reconstruction technique (see also Tomography) 292, 293
Alhazen 6, 9, 10
Alhazen's law of reflection 7
- Aluminized Mylar film 482
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 375
Anaglyph 460, 475, 477
- dual-color 475, 477
- tri-color 475, 477, 479
Anderton, John 460, 462, 463
Angstrom 349
Anisotropic media 371
Anisotropy 136
Antenna array 84
APD 346, 347, 348
Aperture diffraction 78
Arabian Empire 6
Arago, Dominique Francois Jean 17-19
Archimedes 3
Aristotle 4
- Arsenic 343
ART (see also Tomography) 293
Astronomy 157
Attenuator
- continuously varying 364
- discretely varying 364
Avalanche multiplication 347
Avalanche photodiode 346-348
Axi-Vision Camera 482

B

Babinet's principle 72
Back projection method (see also Tomography) 289
Bar state 417, 418
Beam
- director 220
- splitter 221
Benton, Stephen A. 462
BER 348, 365, 367, 368
Bi-directional transmission 362
Biaxial crystal 372, 383
Binocular fusion 471, 472
Birefringent 371
- crystal 371
- negative 372
- positive 372
Bit Error Rate 348
Bit rate 348, 365
Bit reversal 171
Bleach 231
Bloembergen, Nicolaas 24
Blurred picture 273
Bohr, Niels 16
Boltzmann, Ludwig 20
Bombardment 450
Born, Max 23
Boron 340
Boundary conditions 402
Bragg
- condition 387
- diffraction 387
Branching coupler 361
Brewster's stereoscope 460, 463, 474, 475, 477
Brightness of the reconstructed image 188
Bulge guide 454
Bulk effect 383

C

Calcite 17, 18, 372
Camera obscura 7
Carbon disulfide 439
Cauchy's infinitesimal strain tensor 390
CCD 449
Cellophane half-wave plate 471, 472
Characteristic equation of the optical guide 403
Charge coupled device 449
Chirp filter 431
- modulation 429
- radar 431
Ciliary muscle 464
Circularly polarized wave 374
Cladding 129
- glass 335
Coherence
- length 238
- light 241
- time 238
- transfer function 235, 242, 243, 263
Coin 312, 314
Collision-ionization process 346
Color
- blindness 471
coma 8
complementary 460, 475
Comb function 41
Comparison
- between LED and LD 357
- between microwave holography and X-ray 311
- between PIN photodiode and APD 347
Compton, Arthur Holly 22
Computed hologram 192, 212
Computed tomography 287
Conjugate image 187, 216
Connectors 358
C-type 358
- FA-type 358
Continuously variable attenuator 364
Contour lines 215
- of an object 214, 215
Convergence 464-466
Convolution 270
- filter 268
Convolver 429
Cooley-Turkey algorithm 161
Core glass 129, 335
Cornu's spiral 70
Corpuscular theory of light 16
Cotton-Mouton effect 396
Coupled-mode theory 409
- arbitrary excitation 414
- balanced excitation 413, 420
- unbalanced excitation 412, 420
Coupler (see also Directional coupler) 358, 453
- beam splitter type 362
- branching 361
- electronically tunable 423
- fiber optic 360
- grating 361
- planar multiple 361
- prism 361, 362
- reversed Aß 419, 457
- Selfoc micro lens 361
- star directional 362
- tapered 361
Coupling condition 411
Cross bar switching diagram 419, 422
Cross state 417, 418
Crystal
- biaxial 372, 383
- birefringent 371
- intrinsic 344
- optically active 372
- uniaxial 372
Ctesibiu's experiment 6
CTF 235, 242, 243
Cuneiform tablets 1
- Cut-off 134
condition 134

D

D'Almeida, Joseph 460
Da Vinci, Leonardo 8
- Dark-room procedures 229
- bleaching 231
drying 231
- stop bath 230
- water rinsing 231
Davisson, Clinton Joseph 23
De Broglie, Prince Louis-Victor 23
De Waard 8
Decoding by Fourier transform 259
Deflector
- acoustooptic 388
- electro optic 383
- light 383, 386
- prism 383
- quadrupole 384
Delay
- in the start of lasing 356
line 430
Delta function 40, 276
Democritus 3, 4
- Density, optical 251
Density, photographic 230
Derivative operation 258
in an arbitrary direction 105
Descartes globules 11
Descartes' vat 9
- Descartes, Rene 9, 10, 19
Design, optical communication systems 365
Developing time 229
Devices in integrated optics 416
DFT 161, 329
Diffraction
- aperture 78
- edge 78
- limited 157, 248
- of light 11
- one-dimensional formula of 66
- Raman-Nath 388
Diffusion 345
Dipole, half wave 314
Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice 23
Directional coupler 362, 363, 455
- beam splitter type 362
- electronically tunable 423
- optically switchable 433
- reversed Aß 419
- star type 362, 363
- switch 416
- tapered 361
Directional derivative 106
Directrix 121
Discrete Fourier transform 161, 329
Dispersion
- material 338
- mode 136, 338
- of the optical fiber 336
- waveguide 338
Dominant mode (see also Mode) 405
Dopants 340
Double DFT 296, 330
Doubly refractive 371
Drying 231

E

- e wave 372, 373, 375
Edge diffraction 78
Effective index of refraction 408, 444
Egyptian
- mummy-case 3
priests 3
- Eigenvalue method 391
Eikonal 109
Einstein, Albert 21
Einstein's hypothesis 21
Elastooptic
- constants 390
effect 386
effect in an anisotropic medium 388
Electrodes, geometries of 454
Electronic espionage 433
Electron-hole pair production 345
Electrooptic 371, 375
- coefficients 378
- constants 376, 377
- digital light deflector 383
effect 376, 417
- material 371
modulator 388
Elliptic helix 129, 132
Emmetropic 2
- Emulsion 227
Epitaxial growth 449, 454
Euclid 3
Euler-Lagrange formula 116
Evanescent wave 405, 409, 453
Even mode (see also Mode) 402
Excitation
- arbitrary 414
- balanced 413, 419
- unbalanced 412, 419
Exhaustion of the fixer 231
Exposure time 227, 228
Extraordinary index 372
Extraordinary wave 372, 375
Eye fatigue 463, 471

F

Fabrication
- hologram 182, 222
- optical guides 449
- pattern 451
Fabry-Perot resonator 439
Far field
- obtaining from near field pattern 316
- pattern 317
- region (see also Fraunhofer region) 61
Faraday effect 394
Fast Fourier transform 161
Fermat's principle 11, 23
Fermat, Pierre 11
Feynman, Richard P. 23
FFT 161
FFT by the method of decimation
- in frequency 164
- in time 172
Fiber optic couplers 360
Fiber
- dispersion of 336
- graded index 337
- multimode 135
- optical 340
- Selfoc 125
- single mode 134, 136
- step index 335
- transmission loss characteristics 339
Fiber optical communication 333, 342, 365
- receivers for 343
Field in an electrooptic medium 375
Field of view, hologram 206
Film 221
Filter
- chirp 431
- convolution 268
for image recovery 263
- inverse 260
- logarithmic 283
- low pass 278
- matched 265, 280
- SAW bandpass 455
- spatial 220
- Wiener 262
Filtered back projection (see also Tomography) 301
Fish-eye lens 445
Fit theory 16
Fixer 321
Fizeau, Armand H.
Louis 19
Fly's eye lens 489
Fog of photographic film 252
Foucault, Leon 19
Fourier optics 36
Fourier transform 34, 36, 50, 142, 258, 264, 265, 283, 294, 296, 297
- by a lens 142
- domain 234
- hologram 190, 216
- in polar coordinates and filtered back projection (see also Tomography) 298
- method of tomography 294
Fovea 464
Franz-Keldysh effect 396
Fraunhofer
- approximation 63
- region 63
Frenet-Serret formula 104, 105, 116
Fresnel
- cosine integral 70
- hologram 190
- integral 68, 69
- Kirchhoff
diffraction formula 57, 59, 60, 63, 67
- region 62
- sine integral 70
- transform 318
- zone lens 446
- zone plate 91, 95
Fresnel, Augustin Jean 11, 17-19, 53
Front vertex 158
Fust, Johann 8

G

Gabor, Dennis 24, 202, 462, 463
Galilei, Galileo 8
- Gallium 344
- arsenide 350, 375, 379, 396
Gating function 36
GaAs 350, 375, 379, 396
Gelatin 230, 231
Geodesic lens (see also Lens) 446
Geometrical optics 101, 407
Germanium 340
Germer, Lester 23
Glasses
- complementary colors 475, 477
- horse blinders 467
- crossed polarizers 471, 472
Globules 10, 11
Goos-Hänchen phase shift 130
Graded-index fiber (see also Fiber) 337, 342
Gamma-ray images 97
Grating 85
- coupler 361
- lens 448
- reflection 85
Greek Empire 2
Grimaldi, Father Francesco Maria 11, 12
Group delay 135, 337
Group velocity 134, 136
Guide 454
Gutenberg, Johannes 8

H

Half-wave dipole 314
H-D curve 252
Half mirror 482
Hankel
- function 67
- transform 44, 47
Head mounted display (HMD) 462, 479
Head tracker 480
Hero(n) 4
Hertz, Heinrich 19, 20
High Definition Television (HDTV) 492
High-density recording 205
HISS radar 325, 332
HMD 462, 479
Hologram 3D displays 462, 463
- computed 192, 212
- enhanced view of 206
- experimental procedures for fabrication 222
- fabrication of 182, 192, 217, 222
- Fourier transform 190, 216
- Fresnel 190
- image 190, 197
- lensless Fourier transform 190, 191
- matrix 327
- rainbow 197, 200
- reflection 198
- viewing 232
- wave front classification of 190
- white light 197, 462
Holographic
- antenna 316
- disk 209
- interferometry 210, 211
- memory 208
Holography 181
- analytical description 183
- applications of 204
- microwave 305, 327
- pictorial illustration of 181, 222
Hooke, Robert 11
Horizontally-polarized polarizer molecules 478
Horse blinder
- barrier 487
- glasses 467
Huygens' principle 11, 17, 53, 60
Huygens, Christiaan 11, 16, 53

I

Iceland spar 17, 18
Iizuka, Keigo 463
Image
- conjugate 187, 216
- of hologram 186, 190, 197
- orthoscopic 187
- pop-out 468
- pseudoscopic 187
- quality, effect of finite lens size 153
- real 187
- true 187
- virtual 186
Imagelets 489
Imbedded guide 454
Impulse response function 233-236, 239
Impurity absorption loss (see also Fiber) 340
In-diffusion 451
Incoherent light 241
- matched filter 280
Index ellipsoid 372
Index of refraction 125, 339
- effective 408, 444
- extraordinary 372
inhomogeneity of 116
- ordinary 372
- parabolic distribution of 129
Indicatrix 372, 378
Inhomogeneity of the refractive index 116
Inhomogeneous media 101
Integral Photography (IP) 461, 489
Integrated
- micro-optic circuits 110
- optical devices 416
- optical lenses 444
- optical spectrum analyzer 448
Integrated optical lens 444
- Fresnel zone type 446
- geodesic type 446
- grating type 448
- mode index type 444
Integrated optics 399
Interception type 3D effect 470
Interdigital transducer 430, 455
Interferometric
- hologram 210, 211
- holography 309
Interferometry, speckle 203
Intrinsic crystal 343
Intrinsic region 343
Inverse filters 260
Ion implantation 450
Ion migration 451
Isotropic 107
Ives, F.
E. 460, 463
Ives, H.
E. 461, 463

J

Jupiter 8
JVC (Japan Victor Company) 463

K

Kao, Charles Kuen 24
KDP 372, 375, 380
Kepler, Johann 9, 10
Kerr
- electrooptic effect 375
- magnetooptic effect 396
Kinoform 193
Kirchhoff 's integral theorem 53
Kirchhoff,
Gustav 53
Kodak 649F 227
- D-165
developer 229

L

Land, Edwin H. 461, 463, 477
Laser
- action 352
- cavity 352
- diode 339, 348, 351-355, 357
- machining 209
- mirror 49
Lateral rectus muscle 465
Layard, Austen 1
- LED 348-350, 352, 355, 357
LD 339, 348, 351-355, 357
Leith, E. N. 24
Lenses (see also Integrated optical lens) 139
- effect of finite size of 152-154
- effect of lateral translation of input 148
- formation of image by 149
- Fourier transformable properties of 142
- gating 448
- meniscus 158
- planoconvex 139
- rock crystal 1
Lensless Fourier transform hologram (see also Holography) 190, 191
Lenticular sheet method 461, 488
Level surface 105
Light deflector 383, 386
- acoustooptic 388
- analog type 383
- digital type 383
- electrooptic 383
- prism type 383
- quadruple type 383
Light emitting diode 348-350, 352, 355, 357
Linear perspective 465
Linearly polarized wave 374
Lippershey, Hans 8
- Lippmann, Gabriel 461, 463
Liquid crystal display (LCD) 462, 472, 479, 480
Liquid crystal optical switch 463, 479
Lithium
- gas 396
- niobate (LiNO₃) 372, 375, 378, 379
- tantalite 372, 375
Logarithmic filtering 283
Low-pass filter 278
Lucite 386
Luneberg 445

M

Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulator 425
Magic lanterns 460, 462
Maiman, Theodore 24
Matched filter 265
Material dispersion 338
Maxwell's equation 23
Maxwell, James Clerk 19
Medial rectus muscle 465
Meniscus lens 158
Meridional ray 124, 126, 129, 130, 138
Metallic mirrors 3
Michelson's interferometer 19
Michelson, Albert Abraham 19
Microfiche 205
Micromachining 210
Microwave holography 305, 327
- as means of seeing through 311
Microwave mapping methods 305
- by changes in color 307
- by measuring surface expansion 309
- by scanning probe 306
- by thermal vision 308
Millikan, Robert Andrews 21
Mirror
metallic 3
- of a laser 49
Mobile electron 352
Modes 133-135, 400, 401
- dispersion 136, 338
- dominant 406
- even 402
- filter 428
- index lens 444
- odd 402
- pattern 134
- TE 401, 441
- TM 400, 441
Modulation, chirp 429
Modulator 423, 439
- acoustooptic 427
- interferometric type 439
- waveguide 427
Modulated zone plate 96, 99
Modulation transfer function 246, 248
- and optical transfer function 246
Moiré technique 309
Morley, Edward Williams 19
MTF 246
Multiple exposures 272
Multiple pinhole camera 274
Multiplexing, wavelength division 362, 363
Myopic 1MZP 96, 99

N

NA 335-338
Near field region 62
Neurophysiological process of focusing 464
Newton
- rings 12, 14, 17
- corpuscular theory 12
- cross prism experiment 14
- reflector telescope 15
- two prism experiment 13
Newton, Isaac 11, 12, 16
Newton's error 14
Nichol prism 460
Nitrobenzene 396, 439
Noise, thermally generated 347
Non-radiative recombination 349
Non-return to zero code 367, 368
Normal 107
Normalized thickness of the guide 404
NRZ 367, 368
Numerical aperture 335-338
Nyquist's criteria 265

O

o wave 372, 373, 375
Obliquity factor 59
Occlusion 464, 465
Odd mode (see also Modes) 402
OH^- ion absorption (see also Fiber) 340
Object beam (see also Holography) 183
On-off
ratio 357
Operation of
- addition and subtraction (see also Optical signal processing) 253
- averaging 255
- differentiation 257, 258
- division 255
- Fourier transform 259
- multiplication 254
Optical
- activity 393
- AND gate 437
- attenuators 364
- axis of the crystal 372, 382
- axis of a crystalline lens 465
- bench 217, 218
- bistability 433, 435, 456
- connector (see also Connector) 358
- density 251
- directional coupler 362, 455
- exclusive OR 426
- fence 471, 474
- fiber (see also Fiber optic) 335
- hysteresis 433, 436
- indicatrix 372, 378
- memory 205, 208, 430, 433
OR gate 437
- path 109, 116
- power, average 348, 367
- power, output of LD and LED 356
- power, peak 367
- switch 384, 423, 426,
- transfer function 241-244, 246, 248, 249
- triode 437
Optical signal processing (see also Operation of) 251
- using incoherent light 273
Optically active crystal 372
Opticks 13
Optics
- geometrical (see also Geometrical optics) 101
- physical 101
- ray 101
- wave 105, 141, 149
Ordinary
- index 372
- wave 372, 373, 375
Orthogonality condition 392
Orthoscopic image 187, 188, 491
OTF 242-244, 246, 248, 249
Out-diffusion 451
Outer-shell electrons 343
Oxidation 230

P

Parabolic refractive index distribution 129
Parallax 464
- barrier 485
- barrier method 460, 485
- effect 464, 466, 467, 471
- movement 464
Path of light
- crisscross from an object 467, 470-472
- expression for 101
- in a cylindrically symmetric medium 122
- in a spherically symmetric medium 117
- in an inhomogeneous medium 111
- in a uniaxal crystal 371
- in Selfoc fiber 126
parallel from an object 467, 471, 472
Pauli, Wolfgang 23
Peak power 367
Pelissier, G. 285
Phantom 289
Phase shift keyed 433
Phase shifters 328
Phase transfer function 248
Phosphorus 340
Photochromic technique 451
Photodiode
- avalanche 346, 347, 478, 479
PIN 343, 346, 347, 368
Photographic film 251
- density 230
plate holder 221
Photography 460, 461
Photometer 226
Photoreceptor cells 464
Photoresist 451, 453
Physical optics 101
Picture element 288
Piezoelectric material 427, 430
Pile-of-plate polarizer 460
PIN photodiode 343, 347, 368
Pinhole camera 274
- multiple 274
- time modulated 276
Pixel 288, 290
- switch 482, 483
Planar multiple coupler (see also Coupler) 361
Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig 20
Plane waves 28
Planigraphie tomography 285
Plasma discharge 314
Plato 5
Pockels effect 375
Point source transfer function 64, 144
Poisson's spot 18
Poisson, Simeon 18
Polarizable inks 479
Polarization 441
- allowed directions 373
- circular 374
- linear 374
- rotation of 393, 394
Polarization-based 3D imaging 460, 471
Polaroid Corporation 461, 462
Porta, Giovanni Battista della 460
Position vector 28, 101, 103, 104
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 372, 375
Power
- average optical 348, 367
- limited 157
- output of LD and LED 356
peak optical 367
Power spectral density of the signal 262
Principal strain 389
Prism 3° flat 472, 47460° equilateral 469
- coupler 361, 362
Projection-type 3D effect 466
Pseudoscopic image (see also Image) 186, 187, 491, 492
PSK 433
PTF 248
Ptolemy, Claudius 5, 9
Pulse spreading 337, 338
Pupil function 153

Q

Quadrupole type deflector (see also Deflector) 383, 384
Quantization condition 408
Quantized propagation constant 129
- in a slab guide 129
- in optical fiber 131
Quantum efficiency 347, 368
Quartz 372
Quasi-coherent source 12

R

Radar
- chirp 431
- HISS 325, 332
- side-looking synthetic aperture 318, 320
Radiative recombination 349
Radio astronomy 36
Radius of curvature 104, 116
Rainbow hologram (see also Holography) 197, 200, 201
Raman-Nath condition 388
Raman-Nath diffraction 386, 388
Raster 322
Ray optics 101
Ray sum 289
Rayleigh scattering loss (see also Fiber) 339
Real image (see also Image) 186, 187
Receivers for fiber optical communication 343
Recombination time 349
Reconstruction image from hologram 182, 188
Rectangle function 36
Reference beam 183
Reflection 11
- grating 85
- hologram 197
- laws of 7
- total 9, 114
Refraction 12, 13
Refractive index 125, 340
- effective 408, 444
- extraordinary 372
- inhomogeneity of 116
- ordinary 372
parabolic distribution of 129
Relationship between MTF and OTF 246
Relativity, theory of 19
Relaxation oscillation 356
Renaissance 6, 7
- Resolution 465
- limit of 157
Resonant wavelength 354
Resonator, Fabry-Perot 439
Return to zero code 367
Reversed Aß directional coupler 419, 457
Rib guide 453
Rise time of the optical fiber 368
Rollman, Wilhelm 460, 463
Rotary power 394
Rutile 386
RZ 367

S

Saccharimeter 394
Sampling theorem 263
SAW
- bandpass filter 455
- devices 427
Scalar wave 30
Scarpetti, Julius 479
Schrödinger's equation 23
Schrödinger, Erwin 23
Schwinger, Julian 23
Scrambler, for light signals 362
Self-focusing action of optical bistability 440
Selfoc 115
- fiber 116, 125, 133, 137, 138, 336, 337
- micro lens 129, 361
slab 116
- with half mirror coupler 363
Shearing strain 390
Shot noise 347
Shoulder (see also Photographic film) 252
Shutter 227, 249
Side-looking synthetic aperture radar 318, 32( Sign function 38
Signal to noise ratio 347
Silicon 343
Silver
- bromide 251
- chloride 251
- grains 229, 230
- halide 229, 231, 251
- halide compounds 229
- iodide 251
Single mode fiber (see also Fiber) 134, 136, 338, 342, 343
Skew ray 124, 127, 129, 131, 132, 138
- in Selfoc fiber 127
Slab optical guide 399
Selfoc 116
step index 116
SLAR 318, 320
Snell, Willebrod, 10
Snell's law 6, 10, 11, 113
Sodium
- chloride 394
- thiosulfate 231
- vapor 439
Solarization (see also Photographic film) 252
Sommerfeld
- absorption condition 58
- radiation condition 58
Space domain 233, 235
Spatial
- coherence 237
- coherence width 237
- filter 220
- frequency 33
- frequency domain 233
- frequency response 233
standing wave 181, 182, 213, 214
Spatially incoherent light 241
Speckle
- interferometry 203
- pattern 202
- objective 202, 203
subjective 202, 203
Spectrum analyzer 431, 448
Splices 358
Splicing
- fiber 359
- by cylindrical rod 359, 360
- by fusion 360
- by sleeve 359
- by V groove method 359
Splitter, TE-TM mode 443
Spontaneous emission 351, 352
Sputter etching 451, 454
Sputtering
- method 449, 450
- technique 451
Standing wave (see also Spatial standing wave) 213, 226
- pattern 134
Star directional coupler 362
Stefan, J. 20
Step function 39
Step index
- guide 129
slab 116
- multimode guide (see also Fiber) 336-338, 342
Stereogram
- for Brewster's stereoscope 474
- for head mounted display 479
- for horse blinder barrier method 487
- for integral photography (IP) 489
- for lenticular sheet method 488
- for parallax barrier method 485, 486
- for polarized light method 468
- for primary IP 489, 490
- for secondary IP 489, 490
- for vectograph 478
- for Wheatstone's stereoscope 473
Stereo-Jet 479
Stereoscopic
- effect 460
- pair of images 468, 479
Stimulated emission 351, 354
Stop bath 230
Straight through state 417
Strain tensor 390
Strain-optic constants 386
Strip guides, summary of 453
Strip loaded guide 454
Structure related losses (see also Fiber) 340, 341
Subtractive microwave holography 314
Surface acoustic wave devices 427
Suspensory ligament 464
Sutherland, Ivan 462, 463
Switch 384, 423, 426
Switching operation 417
Synthetic sheet polarizer 461, 462

T

Tangent 102
- line 101
- vector 102, 104
Taper coupler 361
TE-TM mode splitter 443
TE mode (see also Mode) 401, 441, 457
Tellurium dioxide 388
Temperature dependence of the laser diode 357
Temporal
- coherence 237
- frequency 33
Tensor, strain 390
Thaïes 3
Thermal vision 308
Thermally generated noise 347
Threshold gain 354
Time sharing method 479
TM modes 406
TM₀ mode 442
Toe (see also Photographic film) 252
Tomography 285
- algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) 292, 293
- back projection method 289
- computed 287
- filtered back projection method 301
- Fourier transform method 294
- Planigraphie 285
Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro 23
Townes, Charles 24
Transfer function
- for coherent light 233, 235, 242, 243, 263
- for incoherent light 241
- modulation 246, 248
- optical 242-244, 246, 248, 249,
- phase 248
- point source 64, 144
Transfer length 418
Transposed images 466, 468, 469
Transition probability 351
Transmission, bi-directional 362
Transmitters for fiber optical communications 348
Traub, Alan C. 462, 463
Triangle function 38
True image (see also Image) 186, 187
Tyndall, John 333

U

Uniaxial crystals 372
Unit vector 102
University of Alexandria 6
Upatnieks, J. 24

V

V groove method (see also Splicing) 359
Valence electrons 344
Varifocal mirror 462, 482, 483
Vectograph 462, 477
Vector
- position 28, 101, 103, 104
- tangent 104
- unit 102
- wave 30
Verdet constant 394
Vertically-polarized polarizer molecules 478
Vibrations of holographic plate 228
Video disk system 85
Viewing the hologram 232
Virtual image 186
- of IP 489
Visual axis of a crystalline lens 465
Visualization
- of microwave phenomena (see also Microwave holography) 313
- of the plasma discharge 314, 315
Voigt effect 396
Von Lenard, Philipp Eduard Anton 20
- optics 101, 141, 149
vector 29

W

Waveguide dispersion 338
Wavelength division multiplexing 362, 363
Wheatstone's stereoscope 463, 473-475
White light hologram 197, 462
Wien, Wilhelm 20
Wiener filter 262

X

X-rays 181
x-y light scanner 481

Y

Y junction 423, 424
Young, Thomas 11, 12, 17, 19
Yttrium iron garnet 394
- Water 386

Z

Zinc sulphide 394
- Wave optics, differential equations of 400
Zone plate 91
- Wave Fresnel 91, 95
- normal 109
- modulated 96

Autor

Springer Series in

OPTICAL SCIENCES 35

founded by H.K.V. Lotsch

Editor-in-Chie W.T. Rhodes, Atlanta

Editorial Board: A. Adibi, Atlanta

T. Asakura, Sapporo T.W. Hänsch, Garching T. Kamiya, Tokyo F. Krausz, Garching B. Monemar, Linköping H. Venghaus, Berlin H. Weber, Berlin H. Weinfurter, München

Springer Series in OPTICAL SCIENCES

The Springer Series in Optical Sciences, under the leadership of Editor-in-Chief William T. Rhodes, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, provides an expanding selection of research monographs in all major areas of optics: lasers and quantum optics, ultrafast phenomena, optical spectroscopy techniques, optoelectronics, quantum information, information optics, applied laser technology, industrial applications, and other topics of contemporary interest.

With this broad coverage of topics, the series is of use to all research scientists and engineers who need up-to-date reference books.

The editors encourage prospective authors to correspond with them in advance of submitting a manuscript. Submission of manuscripts should be made to the Editor-in-Chief or one of the Editors. See also

Editor-in-Chief William T. Rhodes
Georgia Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Atlanta, GA 30332-0250, USA
E-mail:

Editorial Board

Ali Adibi
Georgia Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Atlanta, GA 30332-0250, USA

E-mail:

Toshimitsu Asakura

Hokkai-Gakuen University Faculty of Engineering 1-1, Minami-26, Nishi 11, Chuo-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido 064-0926, Japan E-mail:

Theodor W. Hänsch

Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik

Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1

85748 Garching, Germany

E-mail:

Takeshi Kamiya

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports

Science and Technology

National Institution for Academic Degrees

3-29-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku

Tokyo 112-0012, Japan

E-mail:

Ferenc Krausz

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik

Am Coulombwall 1

85748 Garching, Germany

and

Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik

Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1

85748 Garching, Germany

E-mail:

Bo Monemar

Department of Physics

and Measurement Technology

Materials Science Division

Linköping University

58183 Linköping, Sweden

E-mail:

Motoichi Ohtsu

University fo Tokyo

Department of Electronic Engineering

7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku

Tokyo 113-8959, Japan

E-mail:

Herbert Venghaus

Fraunhofer Institut für Nachrichtentechnik

Heinrich-Hertz-Institut

Einsteinufer 37

10587 Berlin, Germany

E-mail:

Horst Weber

Technische Universität Berlin

Optisches Institut

Straße des 17. Juni 135

10623 Berlin, Germany

E-mail:

Harald Weinfurter

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Sektion Physik

Schellingstraße 4/III

80799 München, Germany

E-mail: harald.weinfurter@physik. uni-muenchen.de

Reviews

From the reviews of the third edition: "...contains 15 richly illustrated chapters and very well selected exercises and problems. It is intended not only for the physics and engineering students who want to acquire the basic principles of optics, but also for researchers and engineers who use optics in their research and/or professional activity. For all these people, this book will be a valuable source of scientific information. ..." Optica Applicata "Iizuka managed to intermingle lively and exciting ideas, humorous and enthusiastic presentations, eye-catching and tasteful cartoons, significant backbone optics materials and even some frontier state-of-the-art optics information. I did not have a dull moment reading this book. It has a very attractive style: educational, yet entertaining...." IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine "I found this book most helpful in demonstrating an effective teaching approach that was especially suited for engineering students. ... The examples and problem sets at the each chapter are also helpful to students and instructors ... . Overall, it is a delightful book, and I would definitely recommend it to students starting out on the path of exploring optical technologies and educators who want to enlighten young engineers fascinated by optics." (Li Qian, Optics and Photonics News, November, 2008)