Toxicants in Aqueous Ecosystems

A Guide for the Analytical and Environmental Chemist

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Toxicants in Aqueous Ecosystems
A Guide for the Analytical and Environmental Chemist

Autoren:
T. R. Crompton

Verlag:
Springer-Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen

Erschienen: Dezember 2006
Seiten: 456
Sprache: Englisch
Illustration: 19 schw.-w. Abb., 134 Tabellen

Maße: 243x193x34
Einband: Leinen (Buchleinen)
ISBN: 3540357386
EAN: 9783540357384

Inhaltsverzeichnis


Contents

	1	Analysis of Fish			1
		1.1	Cations		1
			1.1.1	Aluminium	1
			1.1.2	Arsenic	2
			1.1.3	Cadmium	4
			1.1.4	Cobalt	5
			1.1.5	Copper	5
			1.1.6	Lead	6
			1.1.7	Mercury	8
			1.1.8	Nickel	13
			1.1.9	Selenium	13
			1.1.10	Strontium	13
			1.1.11	Tin	14
			1.1.12	Vanadium	14
			1.1.13	Multi-cation Analysis	14
		1.2	Organic Compounds		21
			1.2.1	Hydrocarbons	21
			1.2.2	Phthalate Esters	28
			1.2.3	Chlorine Compounds	29
			1.2.4	Bromine-Containing Compounds	45
			1.2.5	Nitrogen-Containing Compounds	46
			1.2.6	Sulfur-Containing Compounds	48
			1.2.7	Phosphorus-Containing Compounds	50
			1.2.8	Chlorine-Containing Pesticides and Insecticides	50
			1.2.9	Nitrogen-Containing Insecticides and Pesticides	54
			1.2.10	Phosphorus-Containing Insecticides and Pesticides	54
			1.2.11	Miscellaneous Insecticides and Herbicides	54
			1.2.12	Ciguatoxins	54
			1.2.13	Miscellaneous Organic Compounds	55
			1.2.14	Methods Based on Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SCFE)	62
		1.3	Organometallic Compounds		63
			1.3.1	Organoarsenic Compounds	63
			1.3.2	Organolead Compounds	64
			1.3.3	Organomercury Compounds	68
			1.3.4	Organosilicon Compounds	85
			1.3.5	Organotin Compounds	85
		1.4	Nonmetallic Elements		86
			1.4.1	Total Nitrogen	86
			1.4.2	Phosphorus	87
			1.4.3	Halogens	87
		1.5	Detection Limits for the Analysis of Fish		88
			1.5.1	Cations	88
			1.5.2	Organic Compounds	89
			1.5.3	Organometallic Compounds	90
			1.5.4	References	91

	2	Analysis of Invertebrates			103
		2.1	Cations		103
			2.1.1	Arsenic	103
			2.1.2	Cadmium	105
			2.1.3	Cobalt	107
			2.1.4	Lead	107
			2.1.5	Mercury	108
			2.1.6	Selenium	109
			2.1.7	Tin	110
			2.1.8	Vanadium	110
			2.1.9	Zinc	110
			2.1.10	Multi-cation Analysis	110
		2.2	Organic Compounds		122
			2.2.1	Aliphatic Hydrocarbons	122
			2.2.2	Phthalate Esters	129
			2.2.3	Chloro Compounds	129
			2.2.4	Organosulfur Compounds	134
			2.2.5	Toxins	134
			2.2.6	Miscellaneous	135
			2.2.7	Mussel Watch	135
		2.3	Organometallic Compounds		136
			2.3.1	Organoarsenic Compounds	136
			2.3.2	Organolead Compounds	136
			2.3.3	Organomercury Compounds	137
			2.3.4	Organotin Compounds	138
		2.4	Nonmetallic Elements		140
			2.4.1	Iodine	140
			2.4.2	Total Nitrogen and Phosphorus	140
		2.5	Detection Limits for the Analysis of Invertebrates		140
			2.5.1	Cations	140
			2.5.2	Organic Compounds	140
			2.5.3	Organometallic Compounds	143
			2.5.4	References	145

	3	Analysis of Water Plant Life			149
		3.1	Cations		149
			3.1.1	Sampling Procedures	149
			3.1.2	Americium	150
			3.1.3	Antimony	150
			3.1.4	Arsenic	150
			3.1.5	Bismuth	151
			3.1.6	Cobalt	151
			3.1.7	Copper	151
			3.1.8	Mercury	152
			3.1.9	Molybdenum	152
			3.1.10	Plutonium	152
			3.1.11	Tin	152
			3.1.12	Zinc	153
			3.1.13	Multi-cation Analysis	153
		3.2	Organic Compounds		159
			3.2.1	Hydrocarbons	159
			3.2.2	Phenols	159
			3.2.3	Acrylic Acid	160
			3.2.4	Carbohydrates	160
			3.2.5	Chlorinated Insecticides	161
			3.2.6	Polychlorobiphenyls	164
			3.2.7	Organophosphorus Insecticides	164
			3.2.8	Polychorodibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans	164
			3.2.9	Chlorophyllous Pigments	164
			3.2.10	Organosulfur Compounds	169
			3.2.11	Miscellaneous	169
			3.2.12	Domoic Acid (DA)	171
		3.3	Organometallic Compounds		172
			3.3.1	Organoarsenic Compounds	172
			3.3.2	Organolead Compounds	173
			3.3.3	Organomercury Compounds	174
			3.3.4	Organothallium Compounds	174
			3.3.5	Organotin Compounds	174
		3.4	Nonmetallic Elements		175
			3.4.1	Iodine	175
			3.4.2	Halogens	175
			3.4.3	Phosphorus	175
			3.4.4	Halogens, Phosphorus and Sulfur	176
			3.4.5	Organic Carbon Compounds	176
		3.5	Anions		176
			3.5.1	Iodide	176
		3.6	Detection Limits		177
			3.6.1	Inorganic Elements	177
			3.6.2	Organometallic Compounds	177
			3.6.3	References	177

	4	Pollution Levels in the Aqueous Environment			181
		4.1	Fish		181
			4.1.1	Cations	181
			4.1.2	Organic Compounds	181
			4.1.3	Organic Chlorine Compounds	183
			4.1.4	Organometallic Compounds	187
		4.2	Invertebrates		187
			4.2.1	Cations	187
			4.2.2	Organic Compounds	190
			4.2.3	Organometallic Compounds	192
		4.3	Water Plants		192
			4.3.1	Cations	192
			4.3.2	Organic Compounds	194
			4.3.3	Organometallic Compounds	194
		4.4	Sediment		195
			4.4.1	Cations	195
			4.4.2	Organic Compounds	200
			4.4.3	Organometallic Compounds	201
			4.4.4	References	202

	5	Quantitative Toxicity Data for Cations in Fish and Invertebrates			207
		5.1	Cations in Fresh (Nonsaline) Water		207
			5.1.1	Fish	207
			5.1.2	Invertebrates	218
			5.1.3	Examples of Toxic Effects, Fish and Invertebrates	228
		5.2	Cations in Saline, Sea and Coastal Waters		244
			5.2.1	Fish	244
			5.2.2	Invertebrates	245
			5.2.3	Examples of Toxic Effects	247
			5.2.4	References	258

	6	Qualitative Toxicity Data for Organic Compounds in Fish and Invertebrates			261
		6.1	Fresh Waters		261
			6.1.1	Fish	261
			6.1.2	Invertebrates	276
		6.2	Estuary and Coastal Waters		279
			6.2.1	Fish	279
		6.3	Seawater		281
			6.3.1	Fish	281
			6.3.2	Invertebrates	288
			6.3.3	References	289

	7	Qualitative Toxicity Data for Organometallic Compounds, Fish and Invertebrates			293
		7.1	Nonsaline Water		293
			7.1.1	Fish	293
			7.1.2	Invertebrates	294
		7.2	Seawater		295
			7.2.1	Fish and Invertebrates: Organotin Compounds	295
	References				298

	8	Effect of Toxicants on Phytoplankton, Algae and Weeds			299
		8.1	Cations		299
			8.1.1	Phytoplankton and Algae	299
			8.1.2	Weeds	300
		8.2	Organic Compounds		301
			8.2.1	Phytoplankton	301
			8.2.2	Zooplankton	301
			8.2.3	Algae	302
			8.2.4	Weeds	303
			8.2.5	Diatoms	304
			8.2.6	References	304

	9	Toxicity Index (LC₅₀), Mean (S_x) and Percentile (S₉₅) Concentrations of Toxicants			307
		9.1	Cations		308
			9.1.1	Nonsaline Water	308
			9.1.2	Saline Waters (Estuaries, Bays, Coastal and Open Sea Waters)	320
			9.1.3	Summary of Toxicity Data	324
		9.2	Organic Compounds		328
			9.2.1	Nonsaline Waters	328
			9.2.2	Seawaters	328
		9.3	Organometallic Compounds		342
	References				350

	10	Evaluating Toxicity via Water Analysis			359
		10.1	Measurement of LC₅₀		359
		10.2	Factors Affecting LC₅₀		361
			10.2.1	Factors Related to Tests	361
			10.2.2	Factors Related to the Sample	363
			10.2.3	Factors Related to the Creature	364
			10.2.4	Cumulative LC₅₀values	366
		10.3	Continuous Exposure (S_x) and 95^thPercentile Exposure (S₉₅) Concepts		369
		10.4	Prediction of Fish Kills		374
		10.5	References		377

	11	Toxicity Evaluation Based on Animal Tissue Analysis			379
		11.1	Protection of Human Health		379
		11.2	Protection of Animal Species		380
			11.2.1	Factors Affecting the Bioaccumulation of Cations	380
			11.2.2	Bioaccumulation of Cations in Fish	384
			11.2.3	Bioaccumulation of Organic Compounds	385
			11.2.4	Bioaccumulation of Organometallic Compounds in Fish and Mussels	385
	References				387

	Appendix 4.1 - Concentration of Cations in Fish and Fish Organs				389
	References				395

	Appendix 4.2 - Concentrations of Cations Found in Invertebrates				397
	References				400

	Appendix 4.3 - Types of Organic Compounds Found in Invertebrates				401
	References				401

	Appendix 4.4 - Concentrations of Metals Found in Nonsaline (Freshwater) Sediments				403

	Radioactive Elements				407
	References				408

	Appendix 4.5 - Types of Organic Compounds Found in Sediments				409
	References				410

	Appendix 5.1 - Ranges of Metal Concentrations of Cations Found in Freshwaters				413

	References				421

	Appendix 5.2 - Range of Cation Concentrations Found in Open Sea Water and Estuary Waters				425
	(a) Open Sea Waters				425
	Radioactive Metals				429
	(b) Coastal, Bay and Estuary Waters				430
	References				439

	Appendix 6.1 - Ranges of Concentrations of Organic Compounds Found in Fresh Waters				445
	References				450

	Index				451

Klappentext

T. R. Crompton

Toxicants in Aqueous Ecosystems

It is becoming increasingly realised that the oceans and rivers, in particular, are not unlimited reservoir into which waste can be dumped and that control of these emissions is necessary if complete destruction of the environment is to be avoided. T. R. Crompton has drawn together up-to-date information on these issues and on the relevant analytical methods needed by all experts active in environmental protection and toxicology.

ISBN 978-3-540-35738-4

springer.com

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Index

A
Accumulation factor 198
Acephate 54
Acrolein 275
Acrylic acid, water plant life 160
Adenosine triphosphate, plankton 194
Algae, toxicants, effects 299-303
Algae-seawater, elemental transfer 149
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, invertebrates 122
Alkyl benzene sulfonate, linear 49
Alkyl lead 67
Alkyl mercury 68
Allyl formate 275
Aluminium, fish 1
Americium, water plant life 150
Amines 86
Ammonia, fingernail clam 218
- , unionised 212
Ammonium sulfate 211
Anatoxin A, plankton 194
Aniline 271
Animal species, protection 380
Animal tissue analysis, toxicity evaluation 379
Antimony, water plant life 150
Aquatic plants, mercury 195
Arctic ring seal (Phoca hispida) 35
Aroclor 1242 278
Aroclor 1254 132, 265, 278
Arsenic, fish 2
- , invertebrates 103
- , organoarsenic compounds 63
- , water plant life 150
Arsine 103
Ascorbic acid-2-sulfate, brine shrimp 135
Azolla pinnata, heavy metals 226

B
Bacterial toxins 134
Bay waters, radioactive metals 430
Bays, toxicity index (LC50) 320
Benzaldehyde 275
Benzo(a)anthracene 135, 273
Benzo(a)pyrene 127, 273
Benzo(d)fluoranthene 273
Benzo(ghi)perylene 273
Benzo(fc)fluoranthene 273
BHC 53
Bioaccumulation, cations in fish 384
- organic compounds 385
- organometallic compounds, fish/mussels 385
- sediment 198
Biphenyls, polychlorinated, substituted 37
Birds, 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD 44
Bismuth, water plant life 151
Brevetoxins 55
Bromacil 266
Brominated flame retardants 45
Bromine-containing compounds, fish 45
Bullhead catfish 24
Butyltin, sediments 201

C
Cadmium, Daphnia magna 220
- , fish/shellfish 4, 21
- , invertebrates 105, 120
- , Murex trunculus 219
- , sediment 199
Cadmium chloride,
- Mysidopsis bahia 221
Calcium oxide (quicklime), mussel beds 222
Carbaryl 265, 277
Carbohydrates, plankton 194
- , water plant life 160
Carbon tetrachloride 29, 129
Carboxymolinate 281
Catchments, rural/urban, river draining 231
Cations, bioaccumulation 380
- , detection limits, invertebrates 140
- , fish 1
-, -, pollution levels 181
- , invertebrates 103
-, -, pollution levels 187
- , sediment, pollution levels 195
- , toxic effects 247
- , toxicity index (LC₅₀) 308
- , water plant life 149
-, -, pollution levels 192
Chloride, radioactive 87
Chlorine compounds, fish 29
Chloro compounds, invertebrates 129
Chloroanilines 279
Chlorobenzenes 273, 279
Chloroform 29, 129
Chlorophenols 274, 279
- , fish 30
Chlorophyllous pigments 164
Chromium 214, 222, 228
Chrysene 135
Ciguatoxins, fish 54
Clams, lead 107
- , mercury 195
Coal mine 223
Coastal waters, cations, quantitative toxicity 244
- , organic compounds 279
- , radioactive metals 430
- , toxicity index (LC₅₀) 320
Cobalt 213
- , fish 5
- , invertebrates 107
- , water plant life 151
Cod liver, lipid extracts 22
- , tetraalkyllead 66
Copper 214
- , fish 5, 21
- , water plant life 151
Copper sulfate 223
Coprostanol 135
Crabs, organoarsenic 136
Creosote 200
Crustaceans, hydrocarbons 122
- , lindane 191
- , organoarsenic 136
Cyanide, Atlantic salmon 244
- , rainbow trout 215
Cyclohexyl tin, sediments 201
Cyclophosphamide 288

D
2, 4-D 278
DDE 53, 130
DDT 32, 50, 53, 130
Dehydroabietic acid 280
Detection limits, fish 88
Detergents 278
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, dragonfly larvae 289
Dialkyl lead 65
Diatoms, toxicants, effects 304
Dibenzofurans, polychlorinated 37
- , water plant life 164
Dibenzothiophene 134
Dichloroaniline 277, 279
Dichlorobenzene 274
2, 2'-Dichlorobiphenyl 278
Dichlorodimethylsulfone 48
2, 4-Dichlorophenol 274
Dieldrin 32, 130
Diesel oils 284, 288
Diethyl lead dichloride 64
Diethylhexyl phthalate 129, 263
Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) 20
Diflubenzuron 279
Dioxins 37
- , chlorinated V
Diuron 266
Dogfish muscle, organic arsenic species 63
Domoic acid (DA) 171
Dursban 54, 133

E
Endosulfan 276, 280
Endothal, alkylamine salt 275
English sole 200
Estuaries, organic compounds 279
- , toxicity index (LC₅₀) 320
Estuary waters, cation concentrations 425
- , radioactive metals 430
Eulan WA (polychloro-2-(chloro methyl sulfonamide) diphenylethers) 57
Exposure (Sx)/(S95) 369

F
Fathead minnows, chlorinated benzenes 274
Fatty acids, chlorinated 31
- , unsaturated, plankton 194
Fenitrothion 277
Fenthion 280
Fish 1
- , cations 389
- , - , quantitative toxicity 207
- , coastal, organic compounds 279
- , freshwater, organic compounds 261
- , organotin compounds 295
- , pollution levels 181
- seawater, organic compounds 281
Fish flesh, heavy metals 21
Fish flour, heavy metals 21
Fish gills, aluminium/calcium 1
Fish kills, prediction 374
Fish organs, cations 389
Fluoranthrene 273
Fluridone 56
Freshwaters, metal cations 413
- , organic compounds 261, 445
Fuel oil 22
Fulvic acids, plankton 194
Fungicides 275

G
Gambierdiscus toxicus 55
Geosmin 55

H
Halogens, fish 87
- , water plant life 175
Heavy metals, Bufo melanostictus 226
Heptachlorobiphenyls 132
Herbicides, fish 54
Hexachlorobenzene 274
- , fish 31
Hexachlorobiphenyls 132
Hexachlorobornane, chiral 56
Hexachlorobutadiene 29
Hexachloroethane 29
Hexahydroazepine 281
Human health, protection 379
Humic acids, plankton 194
Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) 19
Hydrocarbons, aliphatic, plankton 194
- , fish 21
- , polycyclic aromatic 261
- , water plant life 159
Hydrothiol-191 (alkylamine salt of endothal) 275
Hydrous ferrous sulfate 223
4-Hydroxymolinate 281
Hypoxanthine 46

I
Indeno-l, 2, 3-(ed)-pyrene 273
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) 19
Insecticides, chlorinated, plankton 194
- , - , water plant life 161
- , chlorine-containing, fish 50
- , nitrogen-containing, fish 54
- , phosphorus-containing, fish 54
Invertebrates 103
- , analysis, detection limits 140
- , cations 397
- , - , quantitative toxicity 207
- , freshwater, organic compounds 276
- , organic compounds 401
- , - , qualitative toxicity 261
- , organotin compounds 295
- , pollution levels 187
- , seawater, organic compounds 288
Iodides 176
- , radioactive 87
Iodine, invertebrates 140
- , water plant life 175
Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate 2, 223
Isotope dilution coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IDC-PMS) 19

K
Kepone 285
4-Ketomolinate 281
Kraft pulp mill effluent, bleached 218

L
LC50 359
- , cumulative 366
Lead, clams 107
- , fish/shellfish 6, 21
- , invertebrates 107
- , organolead compounds 64
Lindane 132, 267
- , bioaccumulation, Asellus aquaticus 276
- , crustacea 191
Lubricating oils 22

M
Malathion 266
Mean (Sx) concentrations, toxicants 307
Mercuric chloride, Channa punctatus 216
Mercury, fish 8, 21, 224
- , invertebrates 21, 108, 224
- , organomercury compounds 68
- , oysters 108
- , sediments 195
- , - , aquatic plants/clams 195
- , water plant life 152
Mesitylene 124
Metal concentrations, coastal waters 250
- , open seawaters 249
Metallothionein 227
Metallothionein-like heavy metal binding protein, cadmium 221
Metals, radioactive 429
Methamidophos 54
Methoxychlor 267, 278
Methoxyethyl mercuric chloride (Emisan),
- Channa punctatus 216
Methyl bromide 262
Methyl parathion 269
Methyl sulfonate 274
Methylamines 46
Methylene bisthiocyanate 271
Methylene dichloride 262
7-Methylhexadecane 124
2-Methylisoborneol 55
Methylmercury 68
2-Methylnaphthalene 124
N-Mefhyl-N-nitro-N-nitroguanidine 288
Methylparathion 280
5-Methyltetradecane 124
2-Methylundecane 124
Microcystins 135
Minamata 69
Mirex (dechlorane) 58, 265
Molinate (ordram) 281
Molinate mercapturic acid 281
Molinate sulfoxide 281
Molybdenum, water plant life 152
Molybdophosphate 87
Molybdovanadophosphoric acid 87
Multi-cation analysis, fish 14
- , invertebrates 110
- , water plant life 153
Mussel watch 135
Mussels, benzo(a)pyrene 128
- , cadmium 105
- , lead 108

N
Naphthalene 124
Neutron activation analysis 20
Nickel, fish 13
Nitric acid bomb digestion 16
Nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestions, multi-cation analysis, fish 15
Nitric acid-perchloric acid digestions, multi-cation analysis, fish 15
Nitric acid-sulfuric acid digestion, multi-cation analysis, fish 14
Nitrobenzenes, fish 48
Nitrogen, fish 86
- , invertebrates 140
Nitrogen-containing compounds, fish 46
Nitrosamines V
Nonmetallic elements, fish 86
- , invertebrates 140
Nonsaline water, toxicity index (LC₅₀) 308
North Sea, metal load 255

O
Octachlorobiphenyls 132
Octachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins (OCDD) 42
Oil dispersants 284
Open sea waters, toxicity index (LC₅₀) 320
Organic carbon compounds, water plant life 176
Organic chlorine compounds, fish, pollution levels 183
Organic compounds, detection limits, invertebrates 140
- fish, pollution levels 181
- invertebrates 122
- , - , pollution levels 190
- sediment, pollution levels 200
- water plant life 159
- , - , pollution levels 194
Organics, LC₅₀ , freshwaters 261
- , rivers/lakes/surface waters 272
Organoarsenic compounds, fish 63
- mussels 136
- water plant life 172
Organochlorine insecticides V Organohalogens 87
Organolead compounds, fish 64
- mussels 136
- water plant life 173
Organomercury compounds, fish 68
- mussels 137
- water plant life 174
Organometallic compounds, detection limits, invertebrates 143
- fish 63, 293
- ,- , pollution levels 187
- invertebrates 294
- , pollution levels 192
- mussels 136
- nonsaline water 293
- seawater 295
- sediment, pollution levels 201
- water plant life 172
- ,- , pollution levels 194
Organophosphonates 87
Organophosphorus insecticides V, 164
- , plankton 194
Organosilicon compounds, fish 85
Organosulfur compounds, invertebrates 134
- water plant life 169
Organothallium compounds, water plant life 174
Organotin compounds 174
- fish/invertebrates 85, 295
- mussels 138
Oysters, cadmium 106
- mercury 108

P
PAHs 24
Paraffins, chlorinated 29
- , polychlorinated 41
Parathion ethyl 269
PCBs 50, 59, 130
- , dechlorination 200
PCDD 42
Pentachlorobenzene 273, 274, 279
Pentachlorobutadiene 29
Pentachloroethane 29
Pentachlorophenols 30, 274, 276, 279
Percentile (S95) concentrations, toxicants 307
Perchloroethylene 29
Permethrin 270
Pesticides, chlorine-containing, fish 50
- , nitrogen-containing, fish 54
- , phosphorus-containing, fish 54
Petroleum V Petroleum cuts 22
Phenanthrene 124
Phenolic silt wastes 276
Phenols 268, 279
- , plankton 194
- , water plant life 159
Phosphamidon 270, 280
Phosphorus, fish 87
- , invertebrates 140
- , water plant life 175, 176
Phosphorus-containing compounds, fish 50
Photodieldrin 130
Photon activation analysis (PAA) 117
Phthalate esters 279
- , fish 28
- , invertebrates 129
Phytoplankton, toxicants, effects 299-301
Pirimiphos methyl 54
Plankton, organic compounds 194
Plutonium 120
- , water plant life 152
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) 35
Pollution levels 181
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons V Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) 45
Polychlorinated biphenyls V Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) 42
Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) 32, 132, 274, 278
- , water plant life 164
Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 37
- , water plant life 164
Polychloronaphthalenes 34
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 261, 273
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycle (PASH) 24
Potassium dichromate 213
Pristane analyses 22

R
Radioactive metals 429
Red-tide algae 134
River Carnon, UK 233
River draining rural/urban catchments 231
Rodeo herbicides 266
Roundup 266, 283

S
Saline waters, cations, quantitative toxicity 244
- , toxicity index (LC50) 320
Sampling procedures, water plant life 149
Saraflaxaxin 58
Seawater, cations, quantitative toxicity 244
- , open, cation concentrations 425
- , organic compounds 281
Secondary ion mass spectrometry 20
Sediments, nonsaline (freshwater), metals 403
- , organic compounds 409
- , pollution levels 195
- , radioactive elements 407
Selenium 224
- , fish 13
- , invertebrates 109
- , mosquitofish 216
Selenomethionine 216
Sewage outlets, coastal water 251
Shellfish, heavy metals 21
Shellfish poisoning 134
Shrimps, hydrocarbons 122
Sodium bromide 262
Sodium Chromate, crustaceans 222
Sodium selenite/selenate 224
Squoxin (l, r-methylene-2-naphthol) 56
Striped bass {Morone saxatilis), molinate (ordram) 281
Strontium, fish 13
Styrènes, polychlorinated 30
Sulfur, water plant life 176
Sulfur-containing compounds, fish 48
Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) 62

T
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachlorobenzene 273, 274
Tetrachloro-l, 2-benzoquinone 288
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (TCDD) 42
Tetrachlorodibenzo furans (TCDF) 42
Tetrachloroethane 29
Tetrachloroethylene 29, 129
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachlorophenol 274
Tetramethyl lead 64
Thiocarbamate herbicides 281
Tin, fish 14
- , invertebrates 110
- , water plant life 152
Tocopherol 57
Toxaphene, fish 52
Toxicity, metals 248
Toxicity data, nonsaline waters 328
- , organic compounds 328
- , organometallic compounds 342
- , seawaters 328
- , summary 324
Toxicity index (LC50) 307
Toxins, invertebrates 134
Trialkyl lead 65
Tributyl tin, dogwhelk 192
Tricaine 274
1, 2, 3-Trichlorobenzenes 273
Trichloroethane 29
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethanertrichloro-ethylene 29
Trichloroethylene 129
Trichlorofon 266
2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol 274
Trifluro-4-nitro-m-cresol 58
Trimethyl lead acetate 64
Trimethylamine 46, 86
Trimethylamine oxide 46
Trimethylnaphthalene 124
Triphenyl phosphate, sediments 201
Tris(4-chlorophenyl) methanol 30
Tuna meat 22

V
Vanadium, fish 14
- , invertebrates 110
Vitamin E (tocopherol) 57
Vitamins B₂ 58

W
Water, hard/soft, fathead minnows 217
Water analysis, toxicity 359
Water plants, analysis 149
- ,- , pollution levels 192
Water temperature, toxicity 251
Weedkillers 275
Weeds, toxicants, effects 299-303

X
Xenopus laevis, heavy metals 226
X-ray spectrometry (SIMS/XS) 20

Z
Zinc, Daphnia magna/Pimephales promelas 225
- , fish/shellfish 21
- , invertebrates 110
- , Tilapia zilli/Clarius lazera 217
- , water plant life 153
Zooplankton, toxicants, effects 301

Vorwort

Reviews

From the reviews: "In the course of 11 chapters in 450 pages with 134 tables and eight appendixes, Crompton provides an abundance of useful information. ... The results from the literature cover all the major components of the aquatic ecosystem: water, sediment, fish, invertebrates, and plant life. ... Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students through professionals." (D. A. Vaccari, CHOICE, Vol. 44 (11), August, 2007)

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