Index
A
Active Server Pages, 115
Address book database entity-relationship diagram for, 136
modeled as index cards, 123
modeled as table, 124
Administrative safeguards, 337-338
Advanced Research Projects Agency, 103
Amending reports, 299
American College of Surgeons, 346-348
American Standard Code for Information Interchange, 72-73
Anatomic pathology information systems, 207-232, 369-370
automated reporting, 214
- bar code technology, 223-225
- checklist-based/itemized/synoptic reporting, 218-221
- computer assisted report distribution, 213
- customizability, 227
- data conversion, 228-232
- diagnosis, case identification by, 214
- digital image acquisition, 216-217
- digital images in reports, 217
- electronic interfaces, 215-216
- electronic signout, 214-215
- high technology features, 215-227
- identification of previous specimens, 213
- informatics activities, 227-228
- evaluation, in anatomic pathology, 211-228
- information technology impact, categories of, 211-212
- legacy information systems, data recovery from, 228-232
- literature databases, online, access to, 227-228
- management reporting tools, 215
- multi-site/lab support, 223
- outreach support, 222
- pathology web sites, 228
- size of display field, 194
- specimen tracking, 212
- speech recognition technology, 225-227
- traditional features, 212-215
- workflow, 207-209
API. See Application Programming Interface Application access to databases, 141-144
Application Programming Interface, 168-169
Application software, 55-65
- backward compatibility, 56
- bytecode compiler, 60
- compiler, 57
- computer programming, 56-62
- interpreter, 59
- object code, 57-60
- source code, 57-60
- converting source to executable object code, process of, 58-60
- cross-compilers, 58-59
- executable object code, 57-60
- Integrated Development Environment, 58-59
- interaction with operating system, 55-56
ARPA, 103
ARPANet, 104
ASCII. See American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASP. See Active Server Pages Attachment of documents, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions protocol, 116-117
- MIME, 116-117
Attributes
- definition, 123
- entity-attribute-value data model, 139-140
- redundant, 126
- repeating, 125
Auto-coding, medical documents, 323-324
Automated reporting, 214
Autopsy environment, digital imaging in, 256-257
BBabbling, 87
Back end, client-server model, 143
Backup tapes, 157
Backward compatibility, 56
Bandwidth, 89-91
Bar codes, 223-225
- one dimensional, vs. two dimensional, 224
Batch files, interfaces, 288-289
Best-of-breed approach, 202
Big-endian, 22
Billing, 216
batch interface, 296-297
Binary digit, 21
Binary Large Objects, 148
Bioinformatics, 3
clinical informatics, separation between, 4
Biological systems, modeling, 378-379
Biomedical informatics, 3
Biomedical research, pathology informatics, 372-374
Bit, 21
BLOBs. See Binary Large Objects Bluetooth, 40
Boolean query, 317
Bridges, 99-100
Broadcast networks, 86, 93-97
Bus architecture, 20-21
Bus network, 86-87
Bytecode compiler, 60
Bytes, 23
CCable modems, 47-48
Cables and connectors
coaxial, 91
- Ethernet, 45
- firewire, 39
- monitor, 34
- small computer system interface, 37
- universal serial bus, 38
- video, 269-271
Cache, 29-30
Cameras, 255
- digital, 256
- one chip, 267
- three chip color, 267
- video, 266-268
Cardinality, 123
Carrier-sense/multiple access, 96
Case identification by diagnosis, 303-324
coding, evolution of, 304-305
coding systems, in anatomic pathology, 310-316
controlled vocabulary, elements of, 307-310
Current Procedural Terminology, 310-311
- information retrieval, 316-324
- evolution of, 304-305
- International Classification of Diseases, 311-314
- keyword-based information retrieval, 317-319
- natural language processing, 316-324
- in clinical domain, 320-321
- information retrieval, 323-324
- auto-coding, medical documents, 323-324
- keyword queries, expansion of, 323
- Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine, 314-315
- term identification in biomedicine, 321-323
- term classification, 322
- term mapping, 322-323
- term recognition, 321-322
- terminology, 305-310
- Unified Medical Language System, 316
Cathode ray tubes, 31
CCD. See Charge Coupled Device
CD. See Compact Disc Central Processing Unit, 27
- speed of, 27-28
CERN. See European Laboratory for Particle Physics
Charge Coupled Device, 266
Checklist-based/itemized/synoptic reporting, 218-221
Checklist questions, College of American Pathologists, 343-346
Checksum, 105
Client-server model
- back end, 143
- front end, 143
Client-side-processing,
- world wide web, 114-115
- Java-Applets, 114
- Java-Script, 114
Client web browser, viewing web page on, 112
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 350-353
Clinical data repository, 190
Clinical informatics, 3-4
- bioinformatics, separation between, 4
Clinical Laboratory Improvement
- Amendments of 1988, 348-350
CLSI. See Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
Clustered Index, 150
CMOS. See Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Coding systems, in anatomic pathology, 310-316
Current Procedural Terminology, 310-311
- evolution of, 304-305
- International Classification of Diseases, 311-314
- Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine, 314-315
- Unified Medical Language System, 316
College of American Pathologists, checklist, 342-346
- questions, 343-346
Collision detection, 96-97
Color depth, 238-241
Color video cameras, 266-267
Color lookup table, 241
Color mixing, 239
Commission on Cancer, 347
Cancer Program Standards, 347
Common Gateway Interface, 115
Communication handler, 288-289
Compact disc, 42-43
- drives, 36, 43
Compilers, 57
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, 268
Component video, 270-271
Composite video, 271
Computer assisted report distribution, 213
Computer languages, spectrum of, 61
Computer processing speed, 28
Computer programming, 56-62
- interpreter, 59
- object code, 57-60
- source code, 57-60
Computer programs execution, 60
Computerized patient record, 190, 364-368
Concept negation, 320-321
Concept orientation, 308-309
Concept permanence, 309
Conference room
- setup, 275
- video microscopy for, 273-276
Consumerism, 357-358
Contention protocol, 95-96
Context representation, 309
Continuous-tone graphics, 80
Controlled vocabulary, 30
- elements of, 307-310
Converting source to executable object code, process of, 58-60
CPR. See Computerized patient record
CPT. See Current Procedural Terminology
CPU. See Central Processing Unit Cross-compilers, 58-59
CRTs. See Cathode ray tubes Current pathology legacy information system, research, 368-370
Current Procedural Terminology, 310-311, 331
Custodianship of tissue, 368
Custom conversion programming, 231
Customizability, 227
DData backup, recovery, 155-157
Data communication rates, bits-per-second, 35
Data concurrency, 154-155
Data conversion, 229
Data entry constraints, 210
Data exchange, 287-302
- admission/discharge/transfer interface, 293-296
- billing batch interface, 296-297
- communication handler, 288-289
- interface architecture, 287-292
- interface languages, 289-292
- health level 7, 292
- message formats, 290-291
- interface (translation) processor, 289
- for pathology information systems, 293-301
- results interface, 297-301
Data federation, 197
Data locking, 157-160
Data persistent model, synoptic reporting, 219
Data provider, pathologist as, 359
Data repositories, 195-196
- centralized, 196-199
- federations, 196
Data storage in computer, 21-23
Data storage devices, 41-44
- compact disc, 42-43
Digital Video/Versatile Disc, 43-44
- flash memory drive, 44
- floppy disks, 42
- hard disk, 42
- magnetic storage devices, disks, 41-42
- memory stick, 44
- Syquest, 44
- zip drive, 44
Datatypes, 145-149
Database abstraction, 144
Database management system, 140-161
- capabilities of, 145-161
data backup and recovery, 155-157
data concurrency, 154-155
data locking, 157-160
datatypes, 145-149
- index maintenance, 149-150
- query optimization, 150-152
- referential integrity, 152-154
- transaction deadlocks, 160-161
Database normalization, 136-138
Database server, communication with, 179, 181
Databases, 121-172
- application access to databases, 141-144
- architecture, 124-140
database abstraction, 144
database management system, See Database Management System
- entity-attribute-value data models, 139-140
- multi-table databases, 127-131
- hierarchical databases, 128-129
- network databases, 129-130
- object oriented databases, 130-131
- shortcomings of non-relational database architectures, 131
- relational databases, 131-138
database normalization, 136-138
- entity-relationship diagrams, 135-136
- primary and foreign keys, 132-135
- single table databases, 124-126
- redundant fields, 126
- repeating fields, 125-126
- SQL, 166-172
- application plan, generation of, 166
database language, 161-172
- embedded, 166-167
- execution of application plan, 166
- module, 167-168
- optimization, 166
- parsing, 165
- processing statements, 165-166
- SELECT statement, 163-165
- validation, 166
- terminology, 122-124
- world-wide-web-based access to databases, 169-172
Datagrams, 105
Date storage, 71
Deceased individuals, 336
Decimal numbers, 146-147
Decision support systems, 378
Declarative referential integrity, 153
Degree of entity, 123
Desktop computers, 1-82
- bus architecture, 20-21
- cable modems, 47-48
- cache, 29-30
- Central Processing Unit, 27
- speed of, 27-28
- components, 26-49
- connecting to internet, 47
data representation, 66-76. See also Digital data representation data storage in computer, 21-23
- binary digit, 21
- byte, collection of bits, 22
- bytes, large quantities of,
- terms used to describe, 23
data storage devices, 41-44.
See also Data storage devices dial-up modem, Internet service Provider, 46
Digital Subscriber Line modem, 48
- executable software, See Software flat-text ASCII file, 78
- input/output devices, 34-40. See also Input/output devices and controllers
- integrated design, vs modular design, 20-21
- Integrated Services Digital Network, 47
- Local Area Network, 46
- local networking, Network Interface Card, 45-46
- memory, 24-26, 30-31. See also Memory modem, 46
- mother board, 20
- network connection, 45-49
- non-executable software, 65-82. See also Software parallel computing, 28-29
- Point-to-Point Protocol, dial-up modem, 46
- processor, 26-30
- architecture, 28
- Serial Line Internet Protocol, dial-up modem, 46
- video display controller, 31-34. See also Video displays wireless, 48
DHCP. See Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Diagnosis case identification by, 214, 303-324. See also Case identification index by, 285-286
Diagnostic radiology, analogy to, 282-283
Diagnostic specialist, pathologist as, 360
Dial-up modem
- Internet Service Provider, 46
- Point-to-Point Protocol, 46
Digital communication, 89
Digital data, binary representation, 21
Digital data representation, 66-76, 166
- binary format, 66-69
- dates, times, storage, 71
- floating point data, 68-71
- double precision, 68
- exponent, 68-70
- number storage, 70
- sign bit, 68
- significand, 69-70
- single precision, 68
- graphical data, 73-76
- bitmapped graphics, 74
- pixels, 74
- vector images, 74-75
- integers, 66-68
- operating systems, variability between, 70-71
- textual data, 72-73
- American Standard Code for Information Interchange, or ASCII, 72-73
- character, 76-78
- Unicode Character Set, 73
Digital data transmission on wire, 89
Digital display resolutions, 32
Digital image acquisition, 216-217
Digital imaging, 233-264
- acquisition, 246, 254-257
- autopsy environment, 256-257
- camera, digital, 256
- color depth, 238-241
- compression, 243-245
- for digital projection, 249-250
- elements, 245-248
- integrated imaging, 258-260
- Joint Photographic Experts Group, 243
- modular imaging, 261-264
- photomicroscopy, 257
- pixel, 236-237
- pixel density, 237-238
- practical aspects, 248-258
- for printing, 250-254
- resolution, 237
- size, 242
- specifications, 236-242
- storage, 242-247, 257-258
- surgical pathology gross room, 257
- utilization, 247-254
- vs. traditional photography, 234
- Yale imaging process, 261-264
Digital Subscriber Line, 48
Digital video, 271-273
Digital video projector, 247-248
Digital video signals, 273
- analog video signals, conversion to, 272
Digital Video/Versatile Disc, 43-44
DIMMs. See Dual Inline Memory Modules Direct Memory Access, 36
Direct program access to databases, 141
Disclosures of health information, 330, 334
Disease-based integrative reports, 366-368
Disks, data stored on, 42
Distributed processing, 179-181
DMA. See Direct Memory Access Document retrieval, 315
Domain knowledge, 132
Domain name system, 108-109
DSL. See Digital Subscriber Line Dual Inline Memory Modules, 26
Dumb terminal, 177
Dynamic database driven web page, process of delivering, 171-172
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, 107
Dynamic non-robotic telemicroscopy system, 278
Dynamic random access memory, 24, 30
Dynamic robotic telemicroscopy, 278
Dynamic Structured Query Language, 167
Dynamic telemicroscopy, 277
EE-mail. See Electronic mail
EEPROM. See Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory, 25
Electronic interfaces. See Interfaces Electronic mail, 115-120
- on internet, 120
- Internet Message Access Protocol, 117-118
- Post Office Protocol, 117
- Internet Message Access Protocol, contrasted, 118-120
- security, 120
- simple mail transfer protocol, 116-117
- viruses, 120
Electronic medical record systems, 189-206
- anatomic pathology outreach services, 205-206
- centralized data storage, access, 195-199
- data centralization, 192-195
- obstacles to adoption of, 199-205
economics, 200-201
- universal patient identifier, 202-205
- vendor choice, 201-202
- patient safety, 191
- professional society recommendations, 191-192
- resurgence of interest, 190-192
- wireless technology, 191
Electronic signout, 214-215
Embedded Structured English Query Language, 166-167
Encapsulated Postscript, 82
Endian, 22
Engineering defined, 8 informatics as, 8-9
Entity, 122
Entity-attribute-value data models, 139-140
Entity-relationship diagram, 135-136
EPROM. See Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory
Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory, 24
Ethernet, 97-98
- data frame, structure, 105
- icon, connector, 45
- standard, 98
European Laboratory for Particle Physics, Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol, 104
Excess tissue, 373
Executable object code, 57-60
Executable software, 51-65. See also Software extensible Markup Language, 291
External peripheral devices, 34-35
Extranet, defined, 174
FFDDI. See Fiber Distributed Data Interface protocol
Federated databases, 197-199
Fiber Distributed Data Interface protocol, 93
Fiber optic cabling, 91
Fields, 122-123
File Transfer Protocol, 103-104
Files, storing images in, 242-245
Firewall, 174
First normal form, 137
Flash memory drive, 44
Flash ROM, 25
Flat-text files, 78-79
Floating point data, 68-71
- double precision, 68
- exponent, 68-70
- number storage, 70
- sign bit, 68
- significand, 69-70
- single precision, 68
Floppy disks, 42
Floppy drives, 44
Forces reshaping medicine, 356-358
Foreign key, 134-135
Formal definitions, 309
Free speech, 226
FROM clause, 163-165
Front end, client-server model, 143
FTP. See File Transfer Protocol
Fully instantiated, defined, 306
Future developments, 355-361
GGateway, 101
Generic single precision floating point number, 69
Government, future role of, 202
Graphical data storage, 73-76
bitmapped graphics, 74
- pixels, 74
- vector images, 74-75
- bitmapped images, distinction between, 76
Graphical interchange format, 80-81
HHard disks, 42
Hardware, desktop computers. See Desktop computers
Headless session, 181
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 325-342
- administrative safeguards, 337-338
- adoption of standards, 328
- business associate, 331
- covered entity, 330
- disclosure, 330
- electronic transactions, code sets, 331
- general provisions, 330-331
history of, 328-330
- individually identifiable health information, 330-331
- national identifiers, 340-342
- physical safeguards, 339
- principles of, 327
- privacy regulations, 332-337
- protected health information, 330
- research use, anatomic pathology information systems, 334-337
- security regulations, 337-340
- security standards availability of data, 337
- integrity of data, 337
- unauthorized access, 337
- technical safeguards, 340
- universal patient identifier, 202-203
Hierarchical databases, 128-129
HIPPA. See Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act History of internet, 103-105
HTML. See Hypertext markup language Hubs, 98-99
Human subject, defined, 335
Hybrid entity, 332
Hypertext markup language, 112-114
Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol, 104
IICANN. See Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
ICD. See International Classification of Diseases
IDE. See Integrated Drive Electronics
IDF*TF. See Inverse Document Frequency times Term Frequency
IEEE. See Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
Image acquisition, 246, 254-257
Image compression, 243-245
Image file formats, 80-82
- continuous-tone graphics, 80
- Encapsulated Postscript, 82
- graphical interchange format, 80-81
- Joint Photographic Experts Group, 81-82
- object-based image file format, 82
- pixel-based image file format, 81
- Portable Network Graphics, 81
- Tagged Image/Interchange File Format, 81
- Windows Meta File, 82
Image quality, 283-284
Image quality category, 255
Image resolution, 237-238
Image sizes, 242
Image storage, 246-247, 257-258
Image utilization, 247-254
Images for digital projection, 249-250
Images for printing, 250-254
IMAP. See Internet Message Access Protocol
Index by diagnosis, 285-286
Index maintenance, 149-150
Indirect treatment relationship, 332-333
Individually identifiable health information, 330-331
Informatics, defined, 1
Informatics activities, evaluation, in anatomic pathology, 211-228
Informatics perspective, issues to consider, 335-336
Informatics process, 2
- life cycle of, 10
Information retrieval, 316-324
- evolution of, 304-305
Information system management enterprise vs specialty solution, 185-186
institutional management, vs departmental management, 188-189
- off-the-shelf software, vs custom-built software, 187-188
- philosophical spectra of, 183-189
Information technology impact, categories of, 211-212
Information Technology Services, 6-7
Information technology support domination, 184
Input/output devices and controllers
- bluetooth, 40
- compact disc drives, 36, 42-43
- data communication rates, bits-per-second, 35, 41
- Direct Memory Access, 36
- hot swappable, 38
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 39
Integrated Drive Electronics, 36
- magnetic disk drives, 36
- parallel devices, 35-37
- peripherals, 34-35
- printer port, 35-36
- serial connectors, 38
- serial devices, 37-40
- Small Computer Systems Interface, 36-37
- Universal Serial Bus, 38-39
- wireless communications, 39-40
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 39
Institution email, 120
Institutional electronic medical record systems, 364-365
Institutional management, vs departmental management, 188-189
Institutional medical record number, 204
Institutional tumor registries, 370-372
Integer data storage, 66-68, 146
Integrated, single circuit board, 20
Integrated Development Environment, 58-59
Integrated Drive Electronics, 36
Integrated imaging, 258-260
Integrated Services Digital Network, 47
Interface cards, 98
Interfaces, 215-216, 287-302
- admission/discharge/transfer interface, 293-296
- architecture, 287-292
- billing batch interface, 296-297
- communication handler, 288-289
- elements of, 288
- languages, 289-292
- health level 7, 292
- message formats, 290-291
- outreach material, 299-301
- results interface, 297-301
- results interfaces, 299-301
- translation processor, 289
Internal peripheral devices, 34-35
International Classification of Diseases, 311-314, 331
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act designated code set, 312 - - for Oncology, 313-314
International Standard Organization, 88
Internet, 102-120
- domain name system, 108-109
- history of, 103-105
internet protocol, 106-108
- port numbers, 110
- protocol header, 106-107
- top-level domains, 109
- transmission control protocol, 105-111
- ports, sockets, 110-111
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, 109
Internet Message Access Protocol, 117-118
- Post Office Protocol, contrasted, 118-120
Internet Service Provider, dial-up modem, 46
Inter-NIC, central agency assigning addresses, 107
Inverse Document Frequency times Term Frequency, 319
ISDN. See Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO. See International Standard Organization
ISP. See Internet service Provider
ITS. See Information Technology Services
JJava Server Pages, 115
Java-Applets, 114
Java-Script, 114
Joint Photographic Experts Group, 81-82, 243, 250
- compression, 243-245, 250-252
JPEG. See Joint Photographic Experts Group
JSP. See Java Server Pages
KKeys, primary, foreign, 134
Keyword-based information retrieval, 317-319
Keyword queries, expansion of, 323
LLAN. See Local Area Network
Legacy information systems, 207-232
- data recovery from, 228-232
Licensing issues, 280
- software, 62-65. See also Software Literature databases, online, access to, 227-228
Little-endian, 22
Local Area Network, 46, 83-84
Longitudinal electronic patient records, 365-366
MMagnetic disk drives, 36
Magnetic disks, formatting, 42
Magnetic storage devices, disks, 41-42
Mainframe systems, 176-179
- early, 177
Management reporting tools, 215
Mantissa, 69-70
Many-to-many relationships, 130
Markup-tags, 113
Media access control, 97
Medical informatics, 10
Medical intranets, 173-176
Memory main computer memory, 30-31
memory location, address, 30-31
- Dual Inline Memory Modules, 26
- dynamic random access memory, 24, 30
- Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory, 25
- Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory, 24
- Flash ROM, 25
- non-volatile random access memory, 25
- Programmable Read Only Memory, 24
- Read Only Memory, 24
- Single Inline Memory Module, 25-26
Message collision, 93
Microarray analysis, 4
- pathology informatics, 4
Microscope-mounted camera, 274
MIME. See Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
Mirroring, 33
Modeling, biological systems, 378-379
Modems, 46
Modular design, vs. integrated design, desktop computers, 20-21
Modular imaging, 261-264
Mother board, 20
Multi-site access, 285
Multi-site/lab support, 223
Multi-table databases, 127-131
- hierarchical databases, 128-129
- network databases, 129-130
- object oriented databases, 130-131
- shortcomings of non-relational database architectures, 131
Multi-user database, prevention of modifying data in memory, 159
Multiple hierarchies, 309
multi-axial, versions of, 315
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions protocol, 116-117
NNational Health-Plan (payer) identifier, 341
National identifiers, 340-342
National Provider Identifier, 341
National Television System Committee, formatted signal, 268
Natural language processing, 316-324
- in clinical domain, 320-321
- information retrieval, 323-324
- auto-coding, medical documents, 323-324
- keyword queries, expansion of, 323
NEC. See Not elsewhere classified
Negative integers, 67
Network bridges, 99
Network communication logic, 91-98
Network connection, 45-49
Network databases, 129-130
Network interconnectivity devices, 98-102
- bridges, 99-100
- gateway, 101
network interface cards, 98
- repeaters and hubs, 98-99
- routers, 101-102
- switches, 100-101
Network Interface Card, 45-46
Networking
- broadcast networks, 93-97
- communication, 87-102
- bandwidth, 89-91
network communication logic, 91-98
network protocols, 88-89
- Ethernet, 97-98
- standard, 98
- token passing logic, 92
Networking topologies, 84-87
- bus network, 86-87
- ring network, 85-86
- star network, 84-85
New data streams, 358
Nomenclature, 305-306
Non-executable software, 65-82 (See also Software)
Non-procedural language, 161-162
Non-relational database architectures, shortcomings of, 131
Non-robotic telemicroscopy system, 278
Non-volatile random access memory, 25
Nonsemantic concept identifiers, 309
Normal forms, 138
Nosology, 307
Not elsewhere classified, designation as, 310
NPI. See National Provider Identifier
NTSC. See National Television System
- Committee NULL, 148-149
OObject based graphics, 74-75
Object-based image file format, 82
Object code, source code, relationship between, 58
Object oriented databases, 130-131
ODBC. See Open Data-Base Connectivity
Off-the-shelf software, vs custom-built software, 187-188
One chip cameras, 267
One dimensional bar codes, 223-224
One-to-many relationships, 128
Online protocol, 117
Ontology, 306
Open database connectivity, 169
Open Systems Interconnect model, 88-89
Operating system add-ons, 53-55
- device drivers, 53-55
- services, 55
Operating systems, 52-53
Ordering concepts, classification system, 306
OSI. See Open Systems Interconnect
Outcomes research, new information systems structured for, 368-372
Outreach material, 222, 299-301
Ownership, pathology tissue, 373
PPAL. See Phase Alteration Line
Parallel computing, 28-29
Parallel devices, 35-37
Passive star network, 84
Pathologist
- as data provider, 358-359
- as diagnostic specialist, 359-361
Pathology conference rooms, video microscopy for, 273-276
Pathology departments managing tumor registries, arguments for, 371-372
Pathology informatics
- as academic activity, 9-13
- as applied discipline, 7
- basic informatics, 6
- defined, 1-5
- developmental informatics unit, 8
- future of discipline, 13-15
- Information Technology Services, 6-7
- skill set in, 13
- spectra of, 6-13
- as subspecialty, 13-16
- technical support, line between, 4
- translational informatics, 6
Pathology informatics programs, 362-363
- leadership for, 363
- scope of, 363
Pathology tissue, ownership, 373
Pathology training program, 15-16
Pathology web sites, 228
Patient identifier, 202-205
Patient reports, embedding images in, 253
Peripheral data storage devices, 41-44. See also Data storage devices
Peripherals
- external peripheral devices, 34-35
- internal peripheral devices, 34-35
Phase Alteration Line, 268-269
Photomicroscopy, 257
Pixel, 31, 236-237, 250
- density, 237-238
- effect on image quality, 251
- number of, 249
- resolution, density, 238
Pixel-based image file format, 81
Point-to-Point Protocol, dial-up modem, 46
Polled communication protocol, 94
Polled logic, 94-95
POP. See Post Office Protocol
Portable Network Graphics, 81
Ports, 110-111
Post Office Protocol, 117
- Internet Message Access Protocol, contrasted, 118-120
Primary key, 132-134
Printer port, 35-36
Prior material, access to, 285
Privacy regulations, 332-337
Procedural referential integrity, trigger, 153-154
Processors, 26-30
Programmable Read Only Memory, 24
Propagation delay, 86
Proportional time sharing, 94
Protected health information, 330
- amendment of, 334
Protocol, internet, 106-108
Publication quality photographs, 253-254
QQuality of image, 234, 274-275
Query optimization, 150-152
RRAM. See Random Access Memory
Random Access Memory, 23-24
Raster graphics, 74
Read Only Memory, 24
Real time communication mode, 288
Record, 122
Redundancy, recognition of, 310
Redundant fields, 126
Referential integrity, 152-154
Regulations, 325-354
- American College of Surgeons, 346-348
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 350-353
- Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, 348-350
- College of American Pathologists, checklist, 342-346
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 325-342. See also Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Relational databases, 131-138
- database normalization, 136-138
- entity-relationship diagrams, 135-136
- primary and foreign keys, 132-135
Removable long term storage media, 44-45
- floppy drives, 44
- Syquest, 44
- zip drive, 44
Repeaters, 98-99
Repeating fields, 125-126
Reports, 351
- incorporating digital images into, 217
Research informatics, 374-379
- anatomic pathology information systems, 334-337
- data presentation tools, 377-378
- decision support systems, 378
- images, information extraction from, 375-377
- modeling, biological systems, 378-379
- text, information extraction from, 375
Resident training, 285
Results interfaces, 297-301
Ring network, 85-86
ROM. See Read Only Memory
Routers, 101-102
Routing, 107
SS-video, 271
Science
- defined, 8
- informatics as, 8-9
Scope, pathology informatics, 1-18
Screen resolution, 31
SCSI. See Small Computer System Interface;
Second normal form, 137-138
Security
- of electronic mail, 120
- regulations for, 337-340
SELECT statements, 163-165
Serial devices, 37-40
Serial Line Internet Protocol, dial-up modem, 46
Server-side-processing, 114-115, 170
- Active Server Pages, 115
- Common Gateway Interface, 115
- Java Server Pages, 115
- language, to generate dynamic web page, 171
Signed integers, 66
SIMM. See Single Inline Memory Module
Simple mail transfer protocol, 116-117
Simultaneous data modification, without record locking, 158
Single Inline Memory Module, 25-26
Single table databases, 124-126
- redundant fields, 126
- repeating fields, 125-126
Sixteen-bit color, 240-241
SLIP. See Serial Line Internet Protocol
Small Computer Systems Interface, 36-37
SMTP. See Simple mail transfer protocol
Sniffer programs, 120
SNOMED. See Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine
Social security, proposal to use as national identifier, 204-205
Sockets, 110-111
Software, 51-82
- digital data representation, 66-76, 166. See also Digital data representation
- executable software, 51-65
- application software, 55-65
- backward compatibility, 56
- bytecode compiler, 60
- compiler, 57
- computer programming, 56-62
- interpreter, 59
- languages, high level and low level, 61-62
- object code, 57-60
source code, 57-60
- converting source to executable object code, process of, 58-60
- cross-compilers, 58-59
- Integrated Development Environment, 58-59
- interaction with operating system, 55-56
- syntax, 57
- text files, 56-58
- operating system add-ons, 53-55
- device drivers, 53-55
services, 55
- operating systems, 52-53
- operating system, 52
- run on specific processors, 53
system software, 51-55
- licensing, 62-65
- freeware, 63
- internet, way of distributing software, 63
- medical environments, open source software in, 65
- open source, 63-64
shareware, 63
- non-executable, 65-82
- backward compatibility, 77
- extension, 76
- flat-text files, 78-79
- image file formats, 80-82. See also Image file formats
- portable document format, 79-80
- proprietary format, 77
Source code, object code, relationship between, 58
Source databases, data in, inconsistencies between, 198-199
Specimen tracking, 212
Specimens, identification of, 213
Spectra of informatics disciplines, 3
Speech recognition technology, 225-227
SQL. See Structured Query Language
Stain ordering/tracking, 213
Star network, 84-85
Static telemicroscopy, 276
Storage of data, 369-370
Streaming, 87
Structured Query Language, 161
- access to database from computer programs, 166-172
- application plan execution of, 166
- generation of, 166
- database language, 161-172
- dynamic, 167
- embedded, 166-167
- module, 167-168
- optimization, 166
- parsing, 165
- processing statements, 165-166
- static, 167
- validation, 166
Surgical pathology gross room, digital imaging in, 257
Switches, 100-101
Synchronization signals, 269
Synoptic reporting, 4, 218-221
Syquest, 44
System software, 51-55
Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine, 314-315
Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Memoire, 269
TTable scan, 149
Tagged Image/Interchange File Format, 81
Taxonomy, classification is fully instantiated, 306
TCP/IP. See Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Technical support, pathology informatics, line between, 4
Tele-education, 281
Teleconsultation, 280-281
Telemicroscopy systems, 276-281
technologies, 277
tele-education, 281
teleconferencing, 281
teleconsultation, 280-281
telemicroscopy technology, 276-279
telepathology, 279-280
- uses for, 279-281
Telepathology, 279-280
- defined, 279
Term identification in biomedicine, 321-323
term classification, 322
term mapping, 322-323
term recognition, 321-322
Terminal emulation software, 178
Terminology, 305-310
Text files, 56-58
Textual data storage, 72-73
- American Standard Code for Information Interchange, 72-73
- character, 76-78
- strings, 73
Thin-client technology, 181-183
Third normal form, 138
Three chip color cameras, 267
Time sharing protocol, 93
Times, storage of, 71
- American formats, 71
- custom schemes, 71
- electronic interfaces, 71
- European formats, 71
Tissue
- custodianship of, 368
- excess, 373
- ownership, 373
Token passing logic, 92
Tools of infomatics, use of by practicing pathologist, 14-15
Top-level domains, 109
Training program, pathology, 15-16
Transaction deadlocks, 160-161
Transaction log, 156
- data recovery, 157
Transactions, 155
Translation processor, 289
Translational informatics, 6
Transmission control protocol, 105-111
- ports, sockets, 110-111
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, 104
Tumor registries, 370-372
Tuples, 123
Twenty-four bit color, 240
Twisted-pair copper cabling, 90-91
Two dimensional bar codes, 224-225
Two-step dual storage imaging solution, 262
.txt files.See Flat-text files
UUMLS. See Unified Medical Language System
Unauthorized access, protection health care information from, 193
Unified Medical Language System, 316
Unique Health Identifier for Individuals, 341-342
Universal patient identifier, 202-205
Universal Serial Bus, 38-39
Unshielded twisted-pair copper cabling, 90-91
Unsigned integers, 66
USB. See Universal Serial Bus
UTP. See Unshielded twisted-pair
VVector vs. bitmapped images, 75
Video camera, 266-268
Video connectors, standard, 270
Video display connections, icon, connector diagrams for, 34
Video displays, 31-34
- cathode ray tubes, 31
- connector types, 33-34
- display resolutions, 32
- full color, 33
- mirroring, 33
- multiple video controllers, 33
- pixels, 31
- wide versions, 32-33
Video microscopy, 266-276
- cables, 269-271
- component video, 270-271
- composite video, 271
- connectors, 269-271
- digital video, 271-273
- signals, 273
- for pathology conference rooms, 273-276
- S-video, 271
video camera, 266-268
video signals, 268-269
Video projector, 274
Video signals, 268-269
Virtual microscopy, 278-279
Viruses, electronic mail and, 120
WWAN. See Wide Area Networks
Web, 111-115
Web-based interface, to image repository, screen shots, 263
Web browser, 110
Web server, 111-112
WHERE clause, 163-165
Whole-slide imaging, 362
Wide Area Networks, 84
Wide-field digital microscopy, 281-286
Windows Meta File, 82
Wireless communications, 39-40
Wireless Fidelity, 48
Wireless networking, 49
Word-by-word search, 317
Word indices, 317
Workflow issues, 210, 260
World wide web, 111-115
- access to databases, 169-172
- client-side and server-side processing, 114-115
- hypertext markup language, 112-114
XXML. See extensible Markup Language
YYale Pathology Informatics Program, 7, 261-264
ZZip drives, 44