DeutschesFachbuch.de : Monitors of Organic Chemicals in the Environment Semipermeable Membrane Devices Von James N. Huckins, Jimmie D. Petty, Kees Booij

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS | öffnen

Contents
1.Introduction to Passive Sampling 1
1.1 The Need for Passive In Situ Samplers 1
1.2 Passive Sampler Development 7
1.3 Topics Covered in Subsequent Chapters 23
1.4 References 24
2.Fundamentals of SPMDs 29
2.1 SPMD Description and Rationale 29
2.2 Applicability of SPMDs 32
2.3 Accumulation of Chemicals by SPMDs 36
2.4 Passive Sampler Fundamentals and Terminology 38
2.5 References 41
3.Theory and Modeling 45
3.1 Uptake Models 45
3.2 Kinetic and Equilibrium Sampling 49
3.3 Dissipation of Performance Reference Compounds (PRCs)50
3.4 Potential Effects of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) on SPMD Calibration ...
3.5 SPMD-Water Partition Coefficients 53
3.6 Water Sampling Rates 55
3.7 Pore Water Sampling 72
3.8 Groundwater Samplng 74
3.9 Air Sampling 75
3.10 References 81
4.Study Considerations 87
4.1 Overview 87
4.2 Sources of SPMDs 87
4.3 Evaluation of Components and Preparation of SPMDs 88
4.4 Specifications of the Standard SPMD 89
4.5 Pre-Exposure Considerations 89
4.6 Storage, Transport and Retrieval 93
4.7 Deployment Devices 94
4.8 References 98
5.Analytical Chemistry Related to SPMDs 101
5.1 Analytical Speed, Selectivity and Quantitation Limits 101
5.2 Quality Control 103
5.3 Sample Preparation 107
5.4 Potential Interferences 111
5.5 Instrumental Analysis 113
5.6 Data Format and Comparability 113
5.7 References 117
6.Bioassay of SPMD Extracts or Diluents 121
6.1 Overview and Rationale of the SPMD-Toxicity Screening Approach 121
6.2 Microtox and Mutatox 124
6.3 Mixed Function Oxidase-7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-Deethylase (MFO-EROD)127
6.4 Neurotoxicity Endpoints 128
6.5 Endocrine Effects 131
6.6 Exposure of Laboratory Animals to SPMD Extracts 132
6.7 Overview of Additional Assays 134
6.8 Potential Interferences 134
6.9 References 136
7.Comparisons to Biomonitoring Organisms 139
7.1 Background 139
7.2 Implications of Selected Models Used for SPMDs and BMOs 142
7.3 Comparison of SPMDs and BMOs 144
7.4 Relative Amounts Accumulated 150
7.5 Independence of Concentration Factors Relative to Exposure Concentration 1...
7.6 Similarity of Elimination or Equilibration Rate Constants 155
7.7 Comparability of Estimated and Measured BCFs or BAFs 158
7.8 Dietary Uptake and Biomagnification 160
7.9 Do SPMDs Qualify as Biomimetic Samplers?160
7.10 References 162
8.Selected Case Studies 169
8.1 Review of SPMD Applications 169
8.2 Air-Water-Microlayer Equilibrium 169
8.3 Sampling Indoor Air 171
8.4 Further Comparisons of Bivalves and SPMDs 173
8.5 Estimation of Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds Using Sediments, Caged F...
8.6 Using SPMDs in Conjunction with Bioassays and Chemical Analysis to Char...
8.7 References 180
[weiter lesen]

REGISTER | öffnen

Index
AActivation energies, mass transfer, 55, 56
Active Sampling, definition of and methods, 3-6
Air boundary layer (ABL): see Boundary layer
Air diffusion coefficient: see Diffusion
- coefficients Air flow, effects on sampling: see Exposure
- conditions Air sampling rates: see Sampling rates (Rs), SPMD Air-water partition co...
- coefficients Ames mutagenicity test: see Bioassay of SPMD
- extracts Amorphous region: see Rubbery region, polymer Arrhenius equation, 55
Aqueous boundary layer: see Boundary layer Artifacts, procedural, 81, 117
BBioaccumulation, defination of and parameters, 2, 122, 143, 158
Bioaccumulation factor (BAF), 6, 140-144, 153, 158, 160, 161
Bioassays of SPMD extracts (also see Toxicity endpoints): Ames mutagenicity assay, 12...
- Daphtoxkit F, 121
- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 121, 134
Bioassays of SPMD (Cont.)
- ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, 121, 127, 128, 151, 179
- Microtox, 121, 124, 125, 126
- Mutatox, 91, 121, 124, 125, 127
- sister chromatid exchange, 121
- vitellogenin production (VGT), 121, 131
- yeast androgen screen, 179
- yeast estrogen screen (YES), 113, 121, 135, 179, 180
Bioavailability, definition of, 3
Bioconcentration, definition of, 2
Bioconcentration factor (BCF), 2, 34, 35, 55, 122, 141-143, 158, 159, 161
Biofilm or periphyton, 21, 22, 45, 47, 69, 71, 72, 108
Biofouling, effects on sampler performance and control of, 14, 21, 22, 72, 75
Biomagnification, 116, 153, 160
Biomagnification factor (BMF), 160
Biomarkers or bioindicators: see Bioassay of SPMD extracts Biomimetic, 32, 35, 160, 1...
Biomonitoring organisms (BMOs), 6, 139-162
Blanks, QC samples for SPMD analysis: fabrication, 104, 106, 111 - field, 97, 105, 11...
- process, 104, 106, 111, 135
- reagent, 105
Blanks, QC samples for SPMD analysis: (Com.) trip, 105
Boundary layer, passive sampler:
- air (ABL), 9, 23, 77-79, 148
- water (WBL), 15, 16, 19, 21, 39, 45-18, 60, 63-65, 69, 72, 73, 141, 146, 148, 149
CCalibration data: see SPMD
Chemical reaction kinetic (CRK) models: see Mathematical models Clearance capacity, 8...
Concentration factor (CF), 18, 153, 154
Conductivity, definition of and models, 48, 69, 72
Crystallinity, polymer, 14
Curvilinear uptake phase: see Uptake phases
DDaphtoxkit F: see Bioassays of SPMD extracts Darcy's Law, 74
Deployment devices or canisters: see SPMD Deployment precautions: see SPMD
Depuration rate constant: see Rate constants Dialysis, organic solvent (OSD): see SPM...
Diffusion coefficients:
- air, 72, 75-77, 79
- biofilm, 72
- membrane or LDPE or polymer, 41, 63, 68
- water, 71
Dissipation rate constant: see Rate constants Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 4, 51-5...
DOC-water partition coefficient: see Partition coefficients
EElimination rate constant: see Rate constants Empore extraction disk, 4, 12
Encounter-volume, 3, 32, 33, 39
Endocrine disruption: see Toxicity endpoints Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA...
Equilibrium partition (EP) theory, 116, 140-142, 153, 161
Equilibrium samplers, 4, 8, 15, 49, 50
Estimation of ambient concentration, 7, 14, 21, 29, 34, 35, 51, 62, 69, 70, 73, 76, 7...
Exposure adjustment factor (EAF), 59
Exposure conditions, effects on sampling rates:
- biofouling, 12, 14, 19, 21, 22, 69, 72, 75, 96
- flow-turbulence, 10, 14, 19, 21, 58, 60, 63-65, 76, 78, 96, 98, 147, 148
- temperature, 14, 21, 55, 57, 79, 114, 140
FFabrication Blank: see Blanks
Fick's law, 38, 40, 49
Field blank: see Blanks
First-order kinetics: see Kinetics
Fish lipid: see SPMD liquid phases
Flow-turbulence: see Exposure conditions; effects on sampling Flux, equations for, 47...
Food chain, 116, 154, 160
Free volume of polymer, 11, 15, 21, 30, 63
Fugacity, 2, 7, 8
GGas constant, 56
Genotoxicity: see Toxicity endpoints
Gill extraction efficiencies, 143, 148
Gills or respiratory lamellae, fish, 3, 143, 145, 147, 148, 161
Goulden large sample extractor, 5
Grab sampling, 3-5
Groundwater sampling, 34, 35, 74, 75
Gut assimilation (also see dietary uptake), 143, 148
HHalf-life (t 1/2), 36, 91, 155, 159
Hayduk-Laudie equation, 65
Henry's law constants (H), 75-79
High-volume air sampler (HiVol), 6, 10, 76, 81, 198
Hildebrand and Hansen solubility parameters, 11, 20
IImmunoassays, 121, 134
Impedance (I 0), 48
Impurities (SPMD): see Triolein impurities and Polyethylene waxes Infiltrix sampler, ...
Integrative sampling, definition of, 6, 8, 37, 122
Interferences, bioassays, 134, 135
Isotropic exchange, 21
KKinematic viscosity, 65
Kinetics:
- first-order, 14, 19, 36, 40, 143, 153
- Michaelis-Menten, 143
LLag time, membrane diffusion, 41
LDPE strips: see Passive samplers
LDPE-water partition coefficient: see Partition
- coefficients LeBas molar volume, 56, 65
Lipid-derived or surficial film, SPMD, 75, 80
LDPE-water partition coefficient: see Partition coefficients
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) membrane, 9, 11, 12, 18-20, 30, 63, 88, 89, 91
MMass transfer coefficient (MTC) models: see
Mathematical models Mathematical models: chemical Reaction Kinetics (CRK), 46, 49
mass Transfer Coefficient (MTC), 47, 49
Membrane-air partition coefficient: see Partition coefficients Membrane-lipid partiti...
Membrane-water partition coefficient: see Partition coefficients Method detection lim...
Method quantitation limit (MQL), 5, 90, 114
Methyl oleate: see Triolein impurities
Michaelis-Menten kinetics: see Kinetics
Microtox: see Bioassay of SPMDs
Mixed function oxygenase (MFO), 121, 127
Molecular diffusion coefficient: see Diffusion coefficients Mussel-SPMD comparisons, ...
Mutatox: see Bioassay of SPMDs
NNarcosis: see Toxicity endpoints
Neurotoxicity: see Toxicity endpoints
Nonporous polymers, definition of, 10
OOctanol-air partition coefficient: see Partition coefficientsOctanol-water partition...
Organic solvent dialysis (OSD), see SPMD
- dialysis Oyster-SPMD comparisons, 149, 153-155, 157
PParticulate organic carbon (POC), 4, 16, 51
Partition coefficients:
- air-water (H/RT), 76, 170
- biofilm-water, 47, 72
- DOC-water, 52
- lipidor triolein-water (KLw), 19, 29, 48, 142
- membrane-air (Kma), 14, 23, 79
- membrane (LDPE)-water (Kmw), 14, 39, 60, 61, 68, 79, 146
- membrane-lipid (KmL), 115, 116
- octanol-air (Koa), 2, 33, 76, 115
- octanol-water ( Kow ,), 2, 29, 51, 52, 122
particle-water, 51
Partition coefficients (Cont.)
polymer-air (also see Partition coefficients, membrane-air), 8 polymer-water (also se...
- sediment organic carbon-water (Koc), 15, 16, 74
- sediment-water (K), 71, 73
- SPMD-air(Ksa), 40, 75, 93
- SPMD-water (Ksw), 35, 37, 39, 47, 48, 50, 53-55, 74, 76, 93, 142, 153, 158, 159, 16...
- triolein-membrane (also see Partition coefficients, membrane-lipid), 19, 49
Passive samplers:
PES (LDPE or LDPE strips), 12-14, 16-20, 35
PDM (personal diffusional monitors), 8, 9, 15
PISCES (passive in situ concentration and extraction sampler), 12, 13, 19
POCIS (polar organic chemical integrative sampler), 12, 13, 33
POG (polymer coated glass), 8, 9, 13, 15, 16
PSS (passive sampling system), 12, 13
PUF (polyurethane foam) disk, 10
- Silastic SPMD, 14, 18-20
- SPME (solid-phase micro extraction), 4, 13, 15-17
- ST (silastic or silicone tubing/sheets of PDMS), 11, 14, 15
Passive sampling, definition of, 7
PDMs: see Passive samplers
Performance reference compounds (PRCs) for passive sampling, 14, 15, 21, 22, 35, 39, ...
Periphyton: see Biofilm
Permeability, polymer and groundwater, 10, 35, 39, 74, 80
Pervaporation, 9, 87
Photolysis, effects of sunlight or solar radiation on chemicals, 90, 91, 97
PISCES: see Passive samplers
POCIS: see Passive samplers POG: see Passive samplers Polar organic chemical integrat...
Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) samplers: see Passive samplersPolymer-air partition coef...
Polymer coated glass (POG): see Passive samplers
Polymer diffusion coefficient: see Diffusion coefficients Polymer-water partition coe...
Principle components analysis (PCA), SPMD samples, 151, 152
Process Blank: see Blanks
PSS: see Passive samplers
PUF disk: see Passive samplers
QQuality control (QC), SPMDs, 87, 93, 98, 103-107
Quantitation limit: see Method quantitation limit
Quantitative-structure-activity relationships (QSARs), 1, 2
Quantitative-structure-property relationships (QSPRs), 2, 3
RRate constants:
- depuration or elimination (ke ; organisms), 141-144, 156
- desorption (sediment), 74
- release or elimination (ke ; passive samplers), 9, 37, 39, 46, 51, 114, 155, 156
- uptake (ku ; passive samplers and organisms), 22, 46, 49, 117, 141, 142, 144, 146, ...
Rate control or limiting (a step in or barrier to chemical exchange): - air boundary ...
- membrane, 8, 12, 15, 39, 41, 60-63, 77-79, 146, 148
- sediment desorption, 73
- water boundary layer (WBL), 39, 40, 63, 69, 146, 148
Reagent blank: see Blanks
Release rate constant: see Rate constants
Residence time (tm), 40, 157
Resistance to mass transfer, equations of, 48
Response time (tr), 40
Reynolds number (Re), 14, 64
Rubbery regions, polymer, 10
SSample preservation, 88, 93
Sample set, 104
Sampling rates (Rs), SPMD:
- air, 23, 75, 81, 198-200
- water, 39, 50, 51, 57, 59-61, 63, 65, 68, 72, 146, 159, 185-197
Schmidt number (Sc), 64
Sea surface microlayer (SSM), sampling, 170
Sediment organic carbon-water partition coefficient: see Partition coefficients
Sediment-water partition coefficient: see Partition coefficientsSemipermeable membran...
Sherwood number (Sh), 64
Shielding from sunlight or solar radiation, importance of, 91
[weiter lesen]