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Contents
Foreword by Sir Roger Penrose xiii
Preface xvii
Part A Setting the Scene 1
1. The Philosophical Background: Einstein and Mach 3
Introduction 3
Positivism and Ernst Mach 4
Mach's Critique of Newton 6
Einstein and Mach -Part 1 8
Einstein and Mach -Part 2 12
Einstein and Mach -the Denouement 16
References 17
2. Einstein and Quantum Theory: The Early Years 21
Einstein and the Development of Quantum Theory 21
The Photon and Specific Heats 23
Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission; Probability and Statistics 26
The Path to the New Quantum Theory 29
The New Quantum Theory: Bohr and Heisenberg 30
The New Quantum Theory: Einstein's Contributions 32
References 36
3. Quantum Mechanics and Its Fundamental Issues 39
Introduction 39
Some Preliminaries 40
The Uncertainty Principle 44
'Time-Energy Uncertainty Principle' 45
Pure and Mixed States 46
Statistical Properties of Pure States 47
Statistical Properties of Mixed States 48
Observable Distinction Between a Pure and a Mixed State 48
Classical Realism or Macrorealism 50
Quantum Realism 50
The Quantum Measurement Problem 51
The Classical Limit Problem of Quantum Mechanics 53
The Limit Problem: Wave and Ray Optics 54
The Limit Problem: Special Relativity and Newtonian Mechanics 54
The Classical Limit Problem in Standard Quantum Mechanics 55
Wave-Particle Duality 56
References 57
4. The Standard Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 59
Introduction 59
The Bohr-Heisenberg Version 61
The Ensemble Interpretation 64
Single System vis-à-vis Ensemble Interpretation 65
The Bohr-Heisenberg 'Solution' to the Quantum Measurement Problem 67
Position-Momentum Complementarity 68
Wave-Particle Complementarity 70
Bohr and the 'Disturbance Interpretation' 72
von Neumann and the Projection Postulate 73
von Neumann's Impossibility 'Proof 76
References 77
Interlude 81
Part B Einstein Confronting Quantum Theory from 1925 83
5. Einstein's Approaches to Quantum Theory 1925-1935 85
Initial Impressions 85
Einstein's Unpublished Paper on Hidden Variables 89
The Solvay Conference 1927-Main Proceedings and Einstein-Bohr Part I 91
The Solvay Conference 1930-Einstein-Bohr Part II 96
Einstein-Bohr: Argument and Concepts in the Early Parts of the Debate 97
Einstein's Boxes 103
References 105
6. EPR and its Aftermath 107
Introduction 107
Einstein Locality and Bell Locality 110
Entanglement 111
Einstein's Version of the EPR Argument 113
Einstein's Version of the EPR Argument: Further Consideration 115
The Böhm Version of EPR 119
The Original EPR Argument of 1935 121
Bohr's Response to EPR 35 126
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Name Index
AAassime, A., 152, 316, 340
Adleman, Len, 287
Adler, Friedrich, 9, 15-16
Agarwal, Girish, 58, 242
Aharonov, Yakir, 79, 233, 244, 336, 342
Albert, David, 251, 269
Ali, Maninil, 270, 343
Allcock, G.Raymond, 336, 342
Allen, S., 270
Alley, Canoll, 233, 244
Anandan, Jeeva, 79
Anderson, Philip, 157
Andrews, M., 314, 316
Arndt, M., 153, 203, 329, 341
Arrhenius, S vante, 13
Aspect, Alain, 111, 233, 235, 244, 278
Awschalom, David, 341
BBacciagaluppi, Guido, 105, 263, 271
Bacry, Henri, 55, 58
Badurek, Gerald, 242, 343
Balachandran, A.P., 341
Ballentine, Leslie, 60, 78, 79, 185, 190, 191, 195, 204, 269, 317
Bandyopadhyay, Somshubhro, 242
Barbour, Julian, 18
Bargmann, Sonja, 203
Barker, J., 342
Baron, M., 242, 343
Barrow, John, 202
Baskin, L.M., 342
Basu, Sayandeb, 242
Bell, John, 53, 58, 68, 70, 71, 75, 77, 79, 89, 91, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 117...
Bell, Mary, 202
Bellarmine, Cardinal, 14
Beller, Mara, 37, 62, 63, 78, 92, 105, 131, 139, 140, 201, 205, 269
Belousek, Darrin, 89, 105
Benioff, Paul, 274, 289, 295
Bennett, Charles, 237, 245, 274, 275, 276, 291, 294, 295, 296, 297
Bergmann, Peter, 188, 204
Bernstein, Jeremy, 22, 36, 107, 117, 133, 138, 155, 167, 168, 187, 202, 277, 278, 296
Berry, Michael, 58, 310, 316
Bertimann, Reinhold, 203, 271, 296, 340
Besso, Michèle, 16, 19, 22-3, 36, 200, 205, 294
Blackmore, John, 14, 16, 18
Blatt, R., 204
Blokhintsev, Dmitri, 65, 79
Böhm, David, 58, 77, 79, 90, 91, 92, 105, 109, 112, 115, 116, 119-21, 122, 123, 125, ...
Bohr, Niels, 3, 12, 18, 25, 26, 27, 29-32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 44, 45, 46, 57, 58, 59...
Bohr, Niels (continued) 138-40, 142, 158, 160, 162, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 177, 182...
Bol, D., 340
Bolivar,A.O., 309, 316
Bollinger, John, 341
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 12-13, 19, 21, 28, 32-3, 181, 191
Born, Max, 25, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 58, 59, 63, 64, 77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 86...
Boschi, D., 236, 245, 246, 297
Böse, Satyendra Nath, 32-3, 35, 61, 81, 85, 86, 105, 157, 161
Böse, Sougato, 238, 246
Bolslough, John, 202
Bothe, Walther, 30, 89
Bouwmeester, Dik, 236, 245, 290, 295, 297, 341
Branca, S., 245, 246, 297
Branning, D., 245
Brassard, Giles, 245, 276, 291, 294, 296, 297
Braunstein, Samuel, 246
Brendel, J., 245, 297
Breidbart, S., 297
Brezger, B., 341
Brouard, S., 337, 342, 343
Brown, Julian, 204, 209, 242, 262, 274, 294, 296
Brukner, Caslav, 165, 203, 262, 271
Brune, M., 58, 245
Buchwald, Diana, 204
Buller, G.S., 297
Busch, Paul, 336, 342
Butterfield, Jeremy, 139
CCabello,Adän, 236, 245
Cabrera, G., 313, 316
Caldeira, Amir, 306, 307, 316
Capasso, F., 342
Carnap, Rudolf, 4
Cerignani, Carlo, 19
Chakravarty, Sudip, 340
Chattopadhyaya, R., 341
Chen, W., 152, 316, 340
Chiao, Raymond, 245, 338, 342, 343
Chiu, Charles, 341
Cho,A., 342
Chu, S., 152, 340
Chu, X., 152, 340
Chuang,L, 118, 136, 140, 294
Cirac, Juan, 273, 295
Clauser, John, 111, 220, 221, 232, 233, 241, 242, 244, 277, 278, 296, 323, 340
Clearwater, Scott, 294
Cleve, Richard, 296
Clifton, Rob, 139, 239, 246, 327, 340
Colijn, Caroline, 270
Collins, S., 342
Colodny, Robert, 78, 204
Compton, Arthur, 25, 29, 30, 36, 92
Comte, Auguste, 4
Cooper, Lionel, 125, 140
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 8
Corbett, John, 246
Cottet,A., 152, 316, 340
Courbage, M., 272
Crepeau, Claude, 245, 296
Cushing, James, 89, 105, 212, 214, 241, 251, 269, 341, 347, 348, 354
DD'Ariano, G., 79
d'Espagnat, Bernard, 58, 64, 79, 205
Daleo,A., 106
Dalibard, Jean, 244
Dalton, Joseph, 12
Damborenea, J., 343
Daniell, M., 245, 297
Darwin, Charles, 23
Davies, Paul, 204, 209, 242, 296, 343
Davisson, Clinton, 32
de Broglie, Louis, 27, 32-3, 35, 40, 41, 76, 81, 86, 89, 90-1, 92, 93, 104, 105-6, 16...
de la Torre, A., 106
de Martini, Francesco, 245, 246, 290, 297
De Shalit, Amos, 209
de Witt, Bryce, 269, 288, 289
Debye, Peter, 25, 30, 33, 36, 325
Dehmelt, Hans, 174
Delgado, V., 343
Deltete,R., 191, 196, 205
Derkacs, D., 297
Deutsch, David, 246, 269, 275, 276, 279, 280, 282, 284-7, 288, 289, 290, 294, 295, 29...
Devetak, I., 297
Devoret, M, 152, 316, 340
Di Giuseppe, G., 236, 245
Di Vincenzo, David, 341
Dickson, Michael, 109, 123, 125, 139
Dieks, Dennis, 293, 297
Diosi, Lajos, 267, 271
Dirac, Paul, 30, 31, 33, 35, 43, 57, 58, 63, 64, 65, 73, 75, 78, 79, 115, 124, 125, 2...
Dolev, Shahar, 203
Dorsey, A., 340
Dreyer, J., 58
Dulong, Pierre, 25
Dumont, R., 342
Durrani, Matin, 202
EEberhard, Philippe, 233, 241, 242, 244, 245
Egusquiza, L, 342, 343
Ehrenfest, Paul, 13, 313-14, 317
Eibl, M., 245, 297
Einstein, Mileva, 15
Ekert, Artur, 276, 287, 293, 295, 296
Elitzur, Avshalom, 203
Elsasser, Walter, 32
Epstein, Paul, 125, 140
Esteve, D., 152, 316, 340
Everett, Hugh, 248, 269, 288, 289
FFabeni, P., 343
Facchi, Paolo, 341
Faye J., 78, 139
Feller, William, 57
Fermi, Enrico, 33
Fernandez, V., 297
Ferrero, M., 232, 243
Feshbach, Herman, 209, 316
Feyerabend, Paul, 4, 64, 78
Feynman, Richard, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 283, 289, 295, 306, 316, 325, 337, 340
Fierz, Markus, 63
Fine, Arthur, 62, 78, 93, 98, 101, 104, 105, 130, 131, 132, 139, 165, 170, 171, 172, ...
Fitzgerald, George, 161
Fleming, Gordon, 340
Folse, Henry, 62, 72, 78, 131, 134, 139, 203, 339
Fölsing, Albrecht, 170, 203
Fonda, L., 341
Forman, Paul, 105
Franck, James, 29
Frank, Philipp, 4, 10, 14-15, 18
Fredkin, Ed, 274, 275, 295
Frenkel,A., 271
Friedman, J., 152, 316, 340
Fry, Ed, 111, 235, 245
Fuchs, Chris, 246, 297
Fürth, Reinhold, 89
Furusawa, A., 246, 297
GGallagher, W., 340
Gallis, M., 340
Gang, Y., 317
Garcia-Calderon, G., 342
Garcia-Mata, L, 106
Garg, Anupam, 144, 152, 227, 243, 244, 316, 326-8, 340, 349
Garuccio, Augusto, 233, 243, 244
Gearhart, Clayton, 36
Geiger, Hans, 30, 142, 174-5, 336
Gell-Mann, Murray, 260, 271
George, C, 272
Gerlach, Walther, 29, 49-50
Germer, Lester, 32
Ghirardi, Gian-Carlo, 106, 140, 243, 258, 270, 332, 341
Ghose, Partha, 324
Gibbs, Josiah, 12, 90, 159, 191-6
Gillespie, Daniel, 57
Gisin, B., 245
Gisin, Nicholas, 234, 243, 245, 258, 263, 264, 270, 271, 294, 297
Gislason, E., 342
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