DeutschesFachbuch.de : Radiation Oncology A Physicist's-eye View Von Michael Goitein

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Contents
Prefacevii
1.Radiation in the Treatment of Cancer 1
2.Uncertainty 13
3.Mapping Anatomy 23
4.Designing a Treatment Beam 57
5.Biology Matters 85
6.Designing a Treatment Plan 111
7.Motion Management 139
8.Planning Manually 157
9.IMRT and "Optimization"177
10.Proton Therapy in Water 211
11.Proton Therapy in the Patient 247
12.Quality Assurance 287
13.Confidence 289
Afterword 303
Acknowledgements 307
Acronyms 309
References 311
Index 323
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Index
Aaccuracy 16
anatomy 23-56
aperture 73, 236-237, 256-257
assessment [of plan]- see under treatment plan atlas of normal anatomy 55
Bbeam of photons 4-6, 71-83
- aperture 73
beam's-eye view (BEV) 161-162
- depth-dose distribution 73-77
- design of 57-84
- direction 163
- non-cop lanar 164
- dose build-up 75
- field shape, design of 160-162
- field-size, influence on scattered radiation 79-80
- hardening 76
- intensity-modifying device 73
- intensity modulation 82-83
- inverse-square fall-off 76
- lateral dose distribution 77-81
- modality, choice of 160-161
- penumbra 77-78
- profile 77, 81
- scattered photons 76-81
- shaping 82
- skin-sparing effect 75-76
- weight 164
beam of protons, see proton beam beam's-eye view (BEV) 161-162
Bragg peak
- electrons 222
- protons 215-220
Bragg, Sir WH 213
Bragg, Sir WL 213
biophysical models, see models blunder 15
bremsstrahlung
- electrons, see under electron
- interactions protons, see under proton
- interactions
build-up 75-76
bystander effect 93
Cclinical target volume (CTV) 25
combination therapy 2
comparison [of plans], see under treatment plan compensator, see under proton beam
Compton effect 60-61
computed tomography (CT) 29-43
- and MRI 43-46
- basis of reconstruction 30-32
CT/PET imager 47
- four dimensional (4 DCT) 37
- Hounsfield unit (HU) 30, 35-36
- Hounsfield unit to electron density
conversion 34
- Hounsfield unit to waterequivalent density conversion 259
planning CT 113
re-slicing 37
computer-driven planning 158
confidence, see uncertainty
confidence interval [or level], see under uncertainty conformai avoidance 179
constraints, see under treatment plan and under optimization conviction 292-293
Cormack, A 8, 178
coronal section 37, 123
couch 4
- Coulomb, C-A de 63
Coulomb interaction
- electrons 67
- protons, see under proton interactions
cross-firing beams 6, 274
Ddelineation of anatomy 52-56, 113
- automatic feature extraction 53
display of 121
- manual 52
- uncertainty in 54-55
- uninvolved normal tissues 53
digitally-reconstructed radiograph
- (DRR) 38-39, 145, 147
documentation [of treatment] 114
dose 5, 67
- calculation of
- photons 83-84
- protons 260
- energy deposited as chemical
- changes 68
- energy deposited as heat 68
- surrogate for biological effects 86
- temperature rise due to 68
dose bath 279-280
dose disposal, see under treatment plan
dose mottle 240
dose representation 119-128
- OD dose representation 126-128
- ID dose representation 125-126 2 D
dose representation 121-1223 D
dose representation 123-1254 D
dose representation 120-121
- color-wash 122
dangers of 131-132
dose-difference display 133, 280
dose statistics 126-128
Dv 127
Dmin 127
Dnear min 127
Dmean 127
Dmax 127
Dnear-max 127
- VD 127
dose summarization 126
dose-volume histogram (DVH), see dose-volume histogram information, loss of 120, 126
- interactivity 124
- isodose contours 122
- time variation 124-125
dose uncertainty
- calculation of 171-172
- in quantities derived from dose, 174
- protons 271
- visualization of 122, 172-174
dose-volume effect 7, 89
dose-volume histogram (DVH) 125-126
- crossing DVHs 168
- cumulative 125
differential 125
dose-volume models for normal tissues (NTCP), see under models
dose-volume models for tumors (TCP), see under models
Dv 127
EEinstein, A 59, 61
electron interactions 63-66
- brems Strahlung 65, 72
- damage is due to secondary electrons 69
excitation 64
- ionization 64
- number of ionizations 69
- scattering by nuclei 65
electron transport 78
electron volt 58
equivalent uniform dose (EUD) 96-97, 103
error 14-15
error function 225
established experience 87-88
exponential attenuation 74
Ffeature 52
feature extraction 53 field 5, 79 fluence 5 fluoroscopy 37 flux 5
fraction 3, 89, 101, 117 fractionation, see fraction full-width at half-maximum 225
Ggantry 4
Gray (Gy) 5, 67
gross tumor volume (GTV) 25
HHeviside function 202
hint 291
Hounsfield unit (HU) 30, 35-36
Iimage
- coronal 37, 123
- motion, impact on 148
- projection 29
- sagittal 37, 123
- sectional 29
- transverse 37, 123
image enhancement 35-36
importance of interactivity 35-36
- level 35-36
- window 35-36
image registration 48-51
- deformable 50
- hat and head 49
- mutual information 50
- point-to-point 49
- rigid body 48
- surface-to-surface 49
- voxel-to-voxel 50
immobilization, see under motion
inhomogeneities 248-256, 265-268
- complex inhomogeneities 255-256, 266
- degradation of Bragg peak 255, 266
infinite slab 249-250
- photons, impact on 249-250
- semi-infinite slab 249, 250-252
- sliver 249, 252-254
- uncertainty analysis 255-256
integral dose 165-167, 274
interplay effect 240-241
intensity-modifying device 73
interactions
- of electrons, see electron
interactions of photons, see photon
interactions of protons, see proton
interactions
internal margin (IM) 25
internal target volume (ITV) 25
intensity 5
intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT)m see under proton treatment plan intensity-...
- conformai avoidance 179
- constrained optimization 193-194- forward planning 182
- IMRT plan 179-180 inverse planning 180-182 magnitude of the optimization
- problem 185-186
- objective function 183
- optimization? 209-210
- mathematical meaning 209-210
- vernacular meaning 209-210
- voting for the best 209
- planning IMRT 183-185
- score 9, 183, 190-197
- biophysical models 193
- combining tumor and normal tissue responses 195-197
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