DeutschesFachbuch.de : Environmental Technology in the Oil Industry

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Contents
1. General Introduction 1
A. Ahnell and H. O'Leary
1. Environmental technology 1
2. The beginning 1
3. The environmental effects of the oil industry 2
3.1 Air emissions 2
3.2 Water management 5
3.3 Waste management 7
4. Technology used in the oil industry 10
4.1 Pollution control 10
4.2 Pollution prevention 12
5. Oil Industry future: design for the environment 13
5.1 Design out the production problems 13
6. Summary 15
References 15
2. Environmental Control Technology for Oilfield Processes 17
A. K. Wojtanowicz
1. Introduction 17
2. Environmental control technology 20
3. Evolution of environmentally controlled oilfield processes 21
3.1 Scope and characteristics of oilfield ECT 23
3.2 Methodology of ECT design 25
4. ECT analysis of drilling process 28
4.1 Mechanisms of drilling waste discharge 28
4.2 Sources of drilling waste toxicity 36
4.3 Waste generation mechanisms in petroleum production 38
4.4 Sources of toxicity in produced water 42
References 48
3. Environmental Control of Well Integrity 53
A. K. Wojtanowicz
1. Introduction 53
2. Mechanism of cement seal failures 53
3. Improved cementing for annular integrity 56
4. Cement pulsation after placement 57
5. Integrity of injection wells 60
6. Measurements of well integrity 63
7. Sustained casinghead pressure 65
7.1 Rig methods for SCP isolation 66
7.2 Rig-less technology for SCP isolation 68
References 71
4. Environmental Control of Drilling Fluids and Produced Water 77
A. K. Wojtanowicz
1. Control of drilling fluid volume 77
1.1 Control of mud dispersibility 77
1.2 Improved solids-control-closed-loop systems 79
1.3 Dewatering of drilling fluids: 'dry' drilling location 82
2. Control of drilling fluid toxicity 85
2.1 Drilling fluid toxicity testing 85
2.2 Low-toxicity substitutes 87
2.3 Synthetic base drilling fluids 88
2.4 Source separation drill cuttings de-oiling 90
3. Control of produced water volume 93
3.1 Source reduction - water shut-off technology 94
3.2 Source separation-downhole oil/gas/water separation 96
3.3 Source reduction with downhole water sink 99
4. Control of produced water pollutants 103
4.1 Oil-free water from DWS drainage-production systems 104
4.2 Deoiling of produced water 107
4.3 Removal of dissolved organics from produced water 111
4.4 Produced water salinity reduction 112
References 113
5. Oilfield Waste Disposal Control 123
A. K. Wojtanowicz
1. Introduction 123
2. Oilfield waste disposal to land 124
2.1 Impact of oilfield pit contaminants 124
2.2 Oilfield pit sampling and evaluation 126
2.3 Oilfield pit closure: liquid phase 127
2.4 Oilfield pit closure: solid phase 127
3. Subsurface waste disposal to wells 129
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Index
AAdditives Technical Committee (ATC), 357
Aerobic biodegradation, 165
Agriculture production model, 387
Agriculture, impact of climate change on, 367
Air emissions
- BP's total mass of, 2-3
- control of, 4
- from exploration and production operations, 4-5
Air pollutants, 3, 11
Air/fuel ratio (AFR), 336
Aircraft engines and fuels
- aviation jet kerosene, 334-5
- gasoline for piston-engined aircraft, 334
American Petroleum Institute (API), 66, 161, 291
Amine unit, 293
Anaerobic biodegradation, 165
Anglo French Accident Technical Group (AFATG), 183
Annular gas migration, 54-5
Annular seals, 56. see also Well integrity
- failure of, 54
- integrity control of, 60
Antrim shales, waterless completion in, 96
API separator, effluent treatment, 299
Aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, 163
Atmospheric circulation, 368
Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (APPEA), 226
Automotive diesel fuel, specification criteria, 329
Automotive engines, see also Refinery product
- automotive diesel engines, 341-6
- biofuel supplements (FAME) in, 345
- cetane improvers and manganesebased additives, 346
- closed fuel system, 337
- density and cetane number of gas oil types, 344
- DPF and particulate material (PM) removal, 343-4
- EC passenger car emission standards, 341, 342
- Emission Control gasoline, EC-1, 360
- EN 228 (2002) guidelines, 341
- gasoline lead content, 339
- NO emissions levels, 343
- reg-neg agreement on reformulated gasoline, 360
- SMDS process in, 345
- spark ignition engines, 336-41
- urban-environmental grades and standard diesel grades, 346
Aviation fuels, see Aircraft engines and fuels
BBasic sediment pits, 124
Best Available Techniques ( BAT), 282, 336
Biocides, 46
Biodegradation
- aerobic, 165
- anaerobic, 165
- mechanism, 129
- of organics, 127
Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 157, 165, 167
Bioreactors, 311
Bitumen and asphalt low-grade fuel, 22, 281, 315
Bottom pull method, laying submarine pipelines, 259. see also Offshore pipelines
CCarbon-rich fossil fuels, 369
Casing annulus remediation system (CARS), 68-9
- installation of, 70
- procedure of, 71
Cation-exchange capacity (CEC), 84
Cationic mud, 78
Cement. see also Well integrity
- seal failures mechanism, 53-6
- setting process, 54
- slurry, 55, 57
- vibration, 57-8
Cement pulsation technology, 57-8
- performance of, 60
- principle of, 59
Cement-bond log tests (CBL), 60, 64
Centre Ivoirien Antipollution (CIAPOL), 184
Centrifugal pump shearing system, 142
Cereal crop yield, 387
Cetane number, 330, 343, 345
Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 157
Chemicals and environmental impacts, 168
China National Offshore Oil Company (CNOC), 183
Chromium lignosulfonates, 87
Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Convention (CLC), 177
Clean production theory, 20
Climate changes
- anthropogenic, 369, 372
- human-induced, 371
- impact on agriculture, 385
- negative effects of regional, 387
- prediction by computer simulation, 374
- prediction using global circulation models, 375
Climate model simulations, 385
Closed-loop drilling systems, 81-2
Combustion-related emissions. see also Oil refinery
- COx emissions, 286-7
- nitrogen oxides, 285-6
- particulate emissions, 287-9
- sulphur oxide emissions, 284-95
Connate water, 157
Contract Regarding an Interim
- Supplement to Tanker Liability for Oil Pollution (CRISTAL), 176
Corrosion inhibitors, 46
Coulombi Egg tanker, 225
Council Directive 97/11/EC, 232
Counter Pollution & Salvage Officer (CPSO), 182
Counter Pollution and Response (CPR), 182
Crude oils, 317
- bacterial degradation of, 165
- emulsification of, 163
Crude petroleum, 317
Cryogenics, 203-4
Cuttings hydration rate, 32
DDanish International Development Agency (DANDIA), 184
Deadweight tons (DWT), 219, 223
Decanting centrifuge, 36
Decommissioning hazards, 205
Deep-water dumping, 207, 211
Depurator machine float cell, 230
Derrick barge, 199, 210
Desulphurization, 331. see also Marine diesel engines and fuels
Dewatering
- cake dryness, 84
- drilling fluids and, 29, 82-84
Diesel pill monitoring program (DPMP), 93
Differential absorption (DIAL), 291
Dispersed oil, 43
Disposal fracture propagation, 141
Disposal fractures, vertical propagation of, 146
Dissolved air flotation (DAF), 306
Distribution systems, see Refinery product, distribution of
Diver cut, 203
Double hull design, see New tanker designs
Downhole cuttings injection process, 136
Downhole injection techniques, 13
Downhole oil/gas/water separation, 96
Downhole oil/water separation (DOWS), 22
Downhole separation system (DHS), 98
Downhole water drainage-disposal system, 80
Downhole water sink (DWS)
- oil-free water from, 104-7
- source reduction technique of, 99
Drill cuttings deoiling, 90
Drilled solids disintegration, 31
Drilling fluids
- chemical components of, 167
- dewatering of, 82-83
- muds, 29
- Mysid shrimp bioassay for, 86
- synthetic base, 88-90
- toxicity control of, 85
- - low-toxicity substitutes, 87
- - source separation techniques, 90
- - testing methods, 85
- volume control, 77
Drilling process, 28
- and environmental discharge, 29
- ECT analysis of, 28
Drilling reserve pits, 124
Drilling wastes
- causality in generation of, 30
- classification of, 30
- composition and properties of, 158
- environmental impact from, 167
- toxicity in, 36, 38
Dry drilling location, 82
EEco bulkhead development, see MARPOL
Electrical conductivity (EC) of pit liquids, 127
Electrodialysis, 112
Emulsion breakers, 46
Environment design, for oil industry, 13-14
Environment, protection from pollution. see also Refinery product
- pollution of atmosphere, 317-18
- seas from oil pollution, 319
- soil and groundwater, 319-20
- - pipeline incidents, analysis of, 320
Environmental audit, basic steps, see Environmental management
Environmental control technology (ECT), 20
- and process-control measures, 24
- conceptual flow path of, 26
- cost of, 28
- of drilling process, 28
- evolution of, 21
- features of, 24
- methodology of, 25-8- in petroleum engineering, 23-5
- prevention and risk assessment, 20
- scope and characteristics of, 23-5
- and WMT, comparison of, 23-5
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), 231-33, 248, 272
Environmental management. see also Oil refinery
- auditing, 314
- control, 312-13
- training, 313-4
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 158, 323
Environmental risk analysis (ERA), 26
European Commission (EC), 341
European Marine Safety Agency (EMSA), 183
European Oilfield Speciality Chemicals Association (EOSCA), 172
European Programmes into Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies (EPEFE), 338
European Road Transport Research Advisory Council (ERTRAC), 317
European Union (EU), 319
Evapo-transpiration, 387
Evaporation pits, 124
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