DeutschesFachbuch.de : Biosolids Treatment Processes Handbook of Environmental Engineering

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Contents
Prefacev
Contributorsxxiii
1 Characteristics and Quantity of Biosolids
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang 1
1.Introduction 1
2.Primary Biosolids 3
2.1 Estimation of Primary Biosolids Production 3
2.2 Factors Affecting Solids Removal 7
2.3 Composition and Characteristics of Primary Biosolids 9
3.Biological Biosolids 10
3.1 General Characteristics 10
3.2 Activated Sludge 10
3.3 Trickling Filter Biosolids 22
3.4 Biosolids from Rotating Biological Contactors 26
3.5 Coupled Attached-Suspended Growth Biosolids 26
3.6 Denitrification Biosolids 27
4.Chemical Biosolids 27
5.Characteristics of Biosolids 28
5.1 Specific Gravity and Volatility 28
5.2 Preconcentration or Dewatering of Biosolids 29
5.3 Particle Surface Charge and Hydration 31
5.4 Particle Size 32
5.5 Compressibility 33
5.6 Biosolids Temperature 34
5.7 Ratio of Volatile Solids to Fixed Solids 34
5.8 Biosolids pH 34
5.9 Septicity 34
5.10 Trace Elements and Heavy Metals 34
6.Examples 35
6.1 Example 1: Determination of Biosolids Volume 35
6.2 Example 2: Determination of Solids Content After Digestion 36
6.3 Example 3: Determination of Biosolids Production 36
6.4 Example 4: Interaction of Yield Calculations and the Quantitative Flow ...
Nomenclature 40
References 41
2 Gravity Thickening
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang 45
1.Introduction 45
1.1 General 45
1.2 Gravity-Thickening 46
1.3 Process Evaluation 46
1.4 Types and Occurrence of Thickening Processes 47
2.Sedimentation Basins 47
2.1 Primary Sedimentation 47
2.2 Secondary Sedimentation 47
3.Gravity Thickeners 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Theory 48
3.3 System Design Considerations 49
4.Cost 55
4.1 Capital Cost 55
4.2 Operating and Maintenance Cost 55
5.Design of Thickeners 56
5.1 Input Data 57
5.2 Design Parameters 58
5.3 Design Procedure 59
5.4 Output Data 61
6.Design Example 161
6.1 Thickener Surface Area 61
6.2 Hydraulic Loading 62
6.3 Torque Requirements 62
6.4 Tank Depth 62
7.Design Example 263
7.1 Quantity of Sludge and Solids 63
7.2 Surface Area of Thickeners 63
7.3 Diameter of Thickeners 64
8.Design Example 364
8.1 Height of Sludge at the Required Solids Concentration (C")64
8.2 Surface Area of Thickener 64
8.3 Solid Loading 65
Nomenclature 66
References 66
Appendix 69
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Index
AAcid
- forming bacteria, 137
- phase, 137
Activated sludge, 10-22
- production, 10-13
Adsorber, 287
Aerated static pile bulking agents, 667
- energy requirements, 667-668
- environmental impact, 668-669
- oxygen supply, 666-667
- process, 664-670
- - description, 664
Aerobic digestion, 177-205, 456-463
- advantages, 178
- air requirement, 195
- autothermal thermophilic, 179-180
- - using oxygen, 181
- capital costs, 189-191
- continuous operation, 179
- design, 186-189
- - considerations, 181-185
- - - dewatering, 194-195
- - - mixing, 194
- - - oxygen requirements, 183-184
- - - pH reduction, 194
- - - solids reduction, 182-183
- - - temperature, 181-182
- - input-output data, 186-189
- - parameters, 186-188
- - performance
- - - supernatant quality, 185-186
- - - volatile solids reduction, 185
- - - volatile solids loading, 194
- - design procedure, 186-189
- digester volume, 193-194, 196-197
- disadvantages, 178-179
- microbiology, 178
- O&M costs, 190-191
- oxygen requirement, 194-195, 196
- performance, 185-186
- power requirement, 197
- process
- - description, 178-179
- - variations, 179-181
- semibatch operation, 179
- sludge
- - age, 196
- - quantity, 193
- - wasting schedule, 194
- solids retention time, 194
- volatile solids reduction, 196
Agitated in-vessel composting bioreactor, 671
Air
- and oxygen requirements, complete combustion, 618
- compression, 265
- drying, 265
- filtration, 265
- preparation, ozone, 265
- saturation, flotation, 86
- to-solids ratio, 81, 89, 90, 92, 93
Alkaline stabilization, 207
- advantages and disadvantages, 212
- biosolids
- - chemical characteristics, 220
- - environmental impacts, 213
- - deodorization, 217
- - equipment, 216
- - facility for biosolids, design factors, 216
- - process performance, 217
- chemical compounds in biosolids, 221, 222
- process design, 223
- - lime handling facilities, 223
Anaerobic
- biological reactions, 136
- contact
- - column schematic, 150
- - process study procedures, 146
- - schematic, 140
- decomposition, 135
- digester
- - capital and operating costs, 162
- - cost estimate, 162, 163
- - covers, 150
- - design examples, 163
- - - using modified anaerobic contact process, 167
- - - using standards design, 163
- - - performance criteria, 162
- - reactor configuration, 139
- - external heat exchanger, 157
- - gas
- - - collection, storage, and distribution, 158
- - - piping schematic, 159
- - - utilization, 159
- - heating system, 154
- - heat losses, 156
- - maintenance of reactor stability, 161
- - mixing devices, 151
- - sludge and supernatant withdrawal, 161
- - sludge pumping and piping considerations, 160
- - system equipment and appurtenances, 150
- - tank construction and system components, 149
- - turbine-type mixing system, 155
- digestion, 135, 457, 484, 487
- - effect of solid detention time, 142
- - effect of temperature, 142
- - gas production and utilization, 142
- - management, 160
- - management, control of sludge feed, 160
- - nutrient requirements, 142
- - organic loading
- - - parameters, 140
- - - rate, 141
- - reactor configurations, 138
- - - anaerobic contact process with sludge recycle, 138
- - - anaerobic filter, 138
- - - single-stage, unmixed, 138
- - - two-stage, mixed primary, 138
- - solid waste, 135
- - time and temperature relationships, 141
- - wastewater sludges, 135
- lagoons, 431, 432
- - applications, 432
- - application examples, 443
- - construction cost, 440
- - design criteria, 437
- - design
- - - examples, 443
- - - data gathering and compilation, 437
- - energy
- - - consumption, 440
- - - costs, 440
- - limitations, 432
- - minimum top width, embankments, 439
- - minimum treatment volume, 433
- - operation and maintenance cost, 440
- - process
- - - design, 433
- - - performance, 432
- - - reliability, 432
- - sludge volume, 436
- - volumes and depth requirement, 434
- - waste volume for treatment period, 434
- - volume requirement, 436
- - with recycle system, 439
- process, 136
- - biochemistry, 137
- - metabolic pathways, 139
- - microbiology, 137
- - recent development, 168
- - performance data 171
- reactor design and sizing, 146
- treatability studies, design practice, 144
- treatment process, 136
- - advantages, 136
- trickling filter, 140
Ancillary facilities, landfill, 724
Animal wastes
- anaerobic lagoons, 431
- treatment, 431
Annual evaporation data, 600
Anoxic gas flotation, AGF, 492
Ash, 357
ATAD, autothermal thermophilic aerobic digester, 452, 456-463, 488
- air, 191-193, 452, 456, 460
- oxygen, 191-193, 452, 456, 462-463
Attached-suspended growth biosolids, 26-27
Average evaporation data in US, 438
BBacteria, 334-335
Basket centrifuge, 103-104
- achievable solids concentration, 103
- costs, 109-110
- - construction, 113
- - O&M, 114
- cycle time, 103
- energy requirements, 109-110- feed rate, 103
- performance, 109-110, 118
Belt press, 255-258, 466
Belt filter presses, 519-539
- advantages, 521-522
- applications, 522
- cake thickness, 534
- capital cost, 530
- costs, 530-532
- design criteria, 523-527
- - pressures, 526-527
- disadvantages, 522
- energy requirements, 533-534
- O&M, 528-530
- - belt
- - - rate travel, 530
- - - tracking, 529
- - biosolids conditioning, 529
- - compression, 530
- - costs, 530-532
- - inspection, 529
- - loading rate, 530
- - sampling and analysis, 529
- - solids, 529
- - spray adjustment, 529
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