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Contents
1 Overview 1
2 Introduction to Computer Systems 9
2.1 The core of a computer system 10
2.1.1 Central processor unit - CPU 10
2.1.2 Memory 10
2.1.3 Bus 10
2.2 Other components of a computer system 11
2.2.1 Disks 11
2.2.2 Others 11
2.3 Software 12
2.4 Problems 13
2.5 Bibliography 13
3 Introduction to Operating Systems 15
3.1 History of operating systems 16
3.1.1 The 1940 s 16
3.1.2 The 1950 s 16
3.1.3 The 1960 s 16
3.1.4 The 1960 s and 1970 s 16
3.1.5 The 1970 s, 1980 s, and 1990 s 17
3.2 Networking 17
3.3 Problems 18
3.4 Bibliography 18
4 Introduction to Using a Computer System 19
4.1 Files 20
4.2 Editors 20
4.3 Single-user systems 20
4.4 Networked systems 20
4.5 Multiuser systems 21
4.6 Other useful things to know 21
4.7 Common methods of using computer systems to develop Fortran programs 22
4.8 Bibliography 23
5 Introduction to Problem Solving 25
5.1 Natural language 26
5.2 Artificial language 27
5.2.1 Notations 27
5.3 Resume 27
5.4 Algorithms 28
5.4.1 Top-down 28
5.4.2 Bottom-up 28
5.4.3 Stepwise refinement 29
5.4.4 Modular programming 29
5.4.5 Object oriented programming 29
5.5 Systems analysis and design 30
5.5.1 Problem definition 30
5.5.2 Feasibility study and fact finding 30
5.5.3 Analysis 31
5.5.4 Design 31
5.5.5 Detailed design 31
5.5.6 Implementation 31
5.5.7 Evaluation and testing 31
5.5.8 Maintenance 32
5.6 Conclusions 32
5.7 Problems 32
5.8 Bibliography 33
6 Introduction to Programming Languages 35
6.1 Some early theoretical work 36
6.2 What is a programming language? 36
6.3 Program language development and engineering 36
6.4 The early days 36
6.4.1 Fortran - The Early Days 37
6.4.2 Fortran 77 37
6.4.3 Cobol 37
6.4.4 Algol 38
6.5 Chomsky and program language development 39
6.6 Lisp 39
6.7 Snobol 40
6.8 Second-generation languages 40
6.8.1 PL/1 and Algol 68 40
6.8.2 Simula 40
6.8.3 Pascal 41
6.8.4 APL 41
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Index
AA edit descriptor 186, 244
ABS function 205, 206, 211, 542
Accuracy 86, 102, 426, 476, 478-479
ACHAR function 211, 250, 542
ACOS function 205, 211, 542
Active-X 49-50
Actual argument 299, 310, 313, 315, 346, 367, 425, 427
Ada 2, 9, 43-44, 56-58, 60, 64, 536
Addition 78, 80, 126, 133-135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 260, 517
Addition operator 80, 437
Adjustable array 310-311, 520
ADJUSTL function 211, 250, 543
ADJUSTR function 211, 250, 543
AIMAG function 211, 543
AINT function 211, 542, 543
Algol 60 16, 38-41, 470
Algol 68 2, 40-41, 56, 536
Algorithm 28, 33-34, 105, 108, 221-222, 268, 340, 369, 397, 470-471, 478, 488, 511, 5...
ALL function 211, 541, 543
ALLOCATABLE arrays 119, 133
ALLOCATABLE attribute 52, 120, 149, 310, 315, 361, 520, 544
ALLOCATABLE dummy array 493-494
ALLOCATE statement 121, 149, 270, 288, 292, 424
Alternate RETURN 367-368
ANINT function 211, 544
ANY function 211, 544
APL 2, 41, 60
Argument 210, 212, 295, 359, 370, 390, 392-393, 398, 447, 450-457, 541-573
- actual 299, 310, 313, 315, 346, 367, 425, 427, 520
- allocatable dummy array argument 493, 494
- array 206, 313, 316, 317, 319, 320, 367, 554, 556, 567
- assumed-length 315, 316, 521
- assumed-shape 310, 313, 315, 316, 319, 320, 336, 367, 521
- assumed-size 310, 367, 521, 567, 568
- character 315
- dummy 52, 220, 299, 310, 311, 313, 315-316, 336, 346, 367, 424-427, 442445, 520-523
- keyword and optional 425, 427
- PRESENT intrinsic function 210, 426-427, 563
- rank 2 and higher array arguments 316
Arithmetic 5, 77-79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 116, 366,...
Arithmetic assignment statement 68, 70, 78, 102, 213, 271
Arithmetic IF 366
Array constructor 140, 148
Array element 134, 148
Array element ordering 133-134, 138, 142, 148, 170, 438, 520
Array functions 211
Array section 138
Arrays 107-149
- adjustable 310-311, 520
- allocatable 51, 119, 133, 270, 310 321, 425, 494, 520
- assumed-shape 310, 313, 315-316 319-320, 336, 367, 521
- assumed-size 310, 367, 521
- automatic 310, 322, 424-425
- bounds 134, 149, 310-311, 313 315, 317, 321, 478, 503, 516, 521
- constructor 52, 133, 136, 140-141 148, 502, 520
- conformable 134-135, 147, 149, 522
- deferred shape 149, 310, 321, 361, 424, 523
- element 133, 135, 170, 206, 246 446, 520
- explicit shape 310-311, 313, 316-317, 367, 520-521, 523
- extent 13-135, 149, 310, 313 315, 367, 524
- rank 134-135, 138, 140-146, 148, 149, 310, 313, 315-317 361, 367, 424, 438, 444, 47...
- section 133, 138, 140, 144-145 148, 168-169, 189, 438, 494, 520-521, 528
- shape 134, 142, 542, 565
- size 110, 114, 119-120, 133-134 149, 270, 310, 313, 424-425, 524 528
- stride 144, 147, 494, 528
- whole array manipulation 135
ASCII character set 5, 242, 542, 546, 552
ASIN function 205, 211, 544
ASSIGN and assigned GOTO statements 367
Assigned FORMAT statements 367
Assignment statement 68, 70, 78, 102, 104, 112, 213, 270-271
ASSOCIATED function 273
Assumed length dummy argument 315-316, 521
Assumed-shape arrays 310, 313, 315-316, 319-320, 336, 367, 521
Assumed-size 310, 367, 521
ATAN function 205, 211, 522, 545
ATAN 2 function 205, 211, 256, 545
Attribute specification 579
Automatic arrays 310, 322, 424-425
BBasic 2, 41, 59-60, 536
BIT_SIZE function 210, 545
Blanks 179-180, 185, 232
Blanks, nulls and zeros 185
Block IF statement 225-226, 237
BTEST function 98-101, 211, 546
CC 2, 41-42, 49-50, 53, 56, 58-59
C++ 2, 48-50, 56, 58, 60, 508, 537
CALL statement 295, 299, 307, 528
CASE statement 223, 229-230, 367-368
CEILING function 51, 211, 546
CHAR function 211, 249-250, 546
Character argument 315
Character functions 247
Character I/O 241-252
Character operators 244
CHARACTER statement 66-67, 241-252
Character string 250
CLOSE statement 151, 163, 176, 188, 195
CMPLX function 211, 254-256, 546
Co-array Fortran 508
Cobol 2, 37-38, 40, 60, 537
Collating sequence 248
Comments 66, 70-71, 73
Common mistakes 162
Compilation unit 522
Compilers used 6-7
Complex 89, 253-256, 297, 302, 305, 478, 541
Computational functions 211
Concatenate 565
Conformable 134
CONJG function 211, 255, 547
CONTAINS statement 219, 304, 576
Continuation character & 71
Control Structures 223-225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239
Converting from Fortran 77 366-367, 369, 371, 373, 375, 377, 379, 381, 383, 385, 387,...
COS function 204-205, 211, 254, 424 547
COSH function 211, 547
COUNT function 211 547
CSHIFT function 211, 548
CYCLE and EXIT 234, 515
CYCLE statement 223, 234
DData description Statements 65
Data processing statements 70
Data structures 511, 514
Data type 3-4, 41, 46-47, 51-52, 63, 65, 69, 82, 92-93, 226, 242 244, 250, 254, 256, ...
DATE_AND_TIME subroutine 211, 326, 328, 334, 337, 352, 355-356, 455-456, 458-459, 495...
DBLE function 211, 549
DEALLOCATE statement 270, 326, 328, 428, 579
Debugging 260, 512-513, 516, 581-582, 585
Declaration 370, 398, 448, 517, 574
Decremented features 366
Default kind 102, 523
Deferred-shape arrays 149, 310, 321, 361, 424, 523
Deleted features 366
Derived type definition 578
DIGITS function 102, 210, 549
DIM function 146, 211, 549, 557-558
DIMENSION attribute 3, 110, 112, 115, 119, 126, 129
- additional form 126
Division 78, 230
DO construct 130
DO loop 100, 113, 116, 118-119, 127-128, 130, 137, 140, 169, 201, 284, 313, 325
DO statement 113, 126, 128-129
DO WHILE construct 212-215, 217, 224, 232-233, 236, 238, 278, 281-283, 317, 408-409, ...
DOT_PRODUCT function 136 141, 207, 211, 549
DOUBLE PRECISION 367, 369-370, 377
DPROD function 211, 549
Dummy argument 299, 523
- assumed-length 315, 316, 521
- assumed-shape 310, 313, 315, 316, 319, 320, 336, 367, 521
- assumed-size 310, 367, 521, 567, 568
- character 315
- explicit shape array 310-311, 313, 316-317, 367, 520-521, 523
- Dummy procedure argument 425
Dynamic data structures 412, 470+
EE edit descriptor 162
Editors 19-20
Efficiency 511, 516
Elemental 206-207, 218, 411-412, 443-445, 541
Elemental functions 206, 218
Elemental subroutine 411-412, 445
Elements of a programming language 64
ELSE block 215-216, 228
ELSE IF 223, 229, 237-238
ELSEWHERE block 147
END DO statement 201, 230, 234
END FUNCTION statement 212-213, 220
END PROGRAM statement 67, 71
END SELECT statement 230-231, 238
Entity 523
Entity oriented declaration 125-126
EOSHIFT function 211, 550
EPSILON function 94, 96, 210, 550
Errors when reading 192
Evaluation and testing 31
Exception handling 50, 477, 480, 488, 581-582
EXIT statement 223, 230, 234, 515
EXP function 205, 211, 235-236, 239, 470, 550
Explicit interface 356, 368, 503, 523
Explicit-shape array 310-310, 520-521, 523
EXPONENT function 210, 550
Exponentiation operator 78, 80
Expressions 135, 259
Extent 134
External 370, 387, 392-393, 398, 576
FF edit descriptor 151, 155
File name 164, 179, 193, 198, 316
FILE= specifier 163-164, 173, 197
Files 195-202
- unformatted 174-176, 191, 199
Fixed fields on input 180
FLOOR function 51, 211, 551
FMT= specifier 163-165
FORALL statement and construct 51, 133, 147-148
FORM= specifier 175, 191
FORMAT statement 150-193
Formatted data 199
Fortran character set 72, 242, 251, 504
FRACTION function 210, 551
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