DeutschesFachbuch.de : Research and Development in the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry Von Peter Bamfield

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Contents
Introduction 1
1 An Overview of the Scope and Contents of the Book 3
1.1 The Industry 3
1.2 The Role and Breadth of R&D 6
1.3 R&D Organisation 8
1.4 R&D Personnel 9
1.5 Creativity and Innovation 9
1.6 Project Management 10
Section A:
Harnessing the Human Resource 11
1 Building the Scientific Skills Base of the Group 13
1.1 The Skills Audit Process 14
1.1.1 Determining the Skill Requirements 14
1.1.2 Auditing the Current Skills 15
1.1.3 Discovering the Skills Gap 16
1.2 Recruitment 20
1.2.1 Job Definition and Evaluation 21
1.2.2 The Advertisement 25
1.2.3 Drawing up the Short List 29
1.2.4 Selection Interviewing 30
1.2.5 Psychometric Tests and Assessment Centres 32
1.2.6 The Choice 34
1.2.7 The Offer 35
1.2.8 Acceptance and Induction 36
2 Developing the People who form the Skills Base 37
2.1 The Management of Performance 37
2.1.1 Setting Performance Objectives 39
2.1.2 Reviewing and Monitoring 42
2.1.2.1 Performance Appraisal Schemes 43
2.1.3 Training and Development 45
2.1.4 Reward 48
2.1.5 Disciplinary Action and Trade Union Representation 48
2.1.6 Career Development 49
2.1.7 Succession Planning 54
3 The R&D Team Manager 57
3.1 Managerial Skills and Leadership 58
3.2 Managing Creative Groups 60
3.3 Managing Your Own Career 63
Section B:
Organising for an Innovative Environment 65
1 The Structural Components of an R&D Organisation 69
1.1 Organisational Environments for R&D 70
1.1.1 The Functional Organisation 71
1.1.1.1 Corporate R&D 73
1.1.1.2 New Business Venture Groups 75
1.1.2 The Strategic Business Unit 76
1.1.3 The R&D Contractor 77
1.1.4 The Matrix 79
1.1.5 Organisational Comparisons 81
1.2 The Internal Organisation of R&D 83
1.2.1 R&D Work Groups 84
1.2.2 Technical Management of Work Groups 84
1.3 Global R&D 87
1.4 Outsourcing R&D 89
1.4.1 The One Stop Shop 91
1.4.2 The Virtual R&D Company 92
2 The Provision of the Appropriate Support 95
2.1 Analytical Services 96
2.2 Intellectual Property 96
2.3 Information and Library Services 97
2.4 IT and Telecommunications 99
2.4.1 R&D Office Technology 99
2.5 Health, Safety and Environment 101
2.6 Toxicology 101
2.7 Chemical and Equipment Supplies 101
2.8 Engineering and Buildings Maintenance 102
2.9 Laboratory Automation 103
2.9.1 The Analytical Laboratory 104
2.9.2 The Synthesis Laboratory 105
2.9.2.1 Synthetic Automation Specification 107
2.9.2.2 System Integration and Throughput 108
2.9.2.3 Lessons for Management 109
2.9.2.4 Microscale Experimentation 109
3 A Financially Sound, Healthy, Safe and Quality Environment 111
3.1 Financial Control 111
3.1.1 Budgets 112
3.1.2 Plans 114
3.1.2.1 Personnel Costs 114
3.1.2.2 Capital Costs 115
3.1.3 Cost Control and Monitoring 115
3.2 Health and Safety 116
3.2.1 Legal Background 116
3.2.2 Management of Health and Safety 117
3.2.2.1 Risk Assessment 118
3.2.2.2 Performance Standards and Indicators 119
3.2.2.3 Monitoring, Audit and Review 120
3.3 Regulatory Affairs 121
3.3.1 Definitions of Terms 121
3.3.2 Quality Management Systems 122
3.3.2.1 The Quality Manager 122
3.3.2.2 Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)122
3.3.2.3 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)124
3.3.2.4 Quality Management Systems (ISO 9000 Series)125
3.3.2.5 Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14 000 Series)127
3.3.2.6 Data Recording 128
3.4 Total Quality Management in R&D 130
3.4.1 Quality Procedures 131
3.4.2 Continuous Improvement 132
3.4.3 Performance Measurement Techniques 134
3.4.4 Benchmarking 137
3.5 Change Management 140
3.5.1 The Change Process 141
3.5.2 Change Management Skills 144
3.5.3 Embodying Change 144
Section C:
Creativity and Innovation 147
1 Creativity and the Nurturing of Innovation 149
1.1 Definitions 149
1.2 Total Creativity Management 150
1.3 The Creative Climate 152
1.4 The Climate for Innovation 154
1.5 The Creative and Innovative Individual 155
1.5.1 The MBTI Creativity Index (MBTI-CI)157
1.5.2 Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory 158
1.6 Innovation Pathways 159
1.6.1 Sources of Innovation 160
1.6.2 Business Analysis Techniques 164
1.7 Creative Thinking 165
1.8 Tools for Creativity 167
1.8.1 The Generation of Ideas 167
1.8.2 Lateral Thinking 167
1.8.3 Brainstorming 169
1.8.4 Synectics and Metaphors 171
1.8.5 Mind Maps 172
1.8.6 Morphological Analysis 173
1.8.7 Six Thinking Hats 174
1.8.8 TRIZ 176
1.8.9 Creating and Robert Fritz 181
1.9 The Evaluation of the Ideas Generated 182
2 The Protection of Intellectual Property 185
2.1 Patents 186
2.1.1 Inventorship 188
2.1.2 Filing and Prosecution of the Application 189
2.1.3 Infringement of Patents 192
2.1.4 US Differences from the EPO 192
2.2 Trademarks 193
2.3 Trade Secrets 193
2.4 Internal Records 194
2.5 Code of Best Practices for Handling IP 195
3 The Exploitation of Opportunities 197
3.1 Development within the Company 198
3.2 Joint Venture 198
3.3 External Licensing and Assignment of IP 201
3.4 Inward Technology Transfer 202
3.5 Knowledge Management 203
3.5.1 Explicit and Tacit Knowledge 204
3.5.2 Knowledge Repositories 205
3.5.3 Knowledge Management and the Technological Function 206
3.5.4 The Dow Chemical Project in Knowledge Exploitation 208
Section D:
Project Management of Innovation 213
1 The Selection and Evaluation of R&D Projects 215
1.1 Business Strategy and the Innovation Portfolio 216
1.2 The R&D Portfolio 219
1.2.1 The Development of Existing Products and Processes 219
1.2.1.1 Cost Benefit Targets 220
1.2.1.2 Product Quality 223
1.2.1.3 Plant Output 223
1.2.1.4 The Environmental Challenge 224
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Index
A
acquisitions 5, 232
analytical services 96
- budgetary control 96
- outsourced 96
applications research 162
assessment centre 32
- assessors 33
- range of tests 33
AstraZeneca 6
Aventis 6
B
balanced scorecard 217
BASF 5, 75
Bayer 5
benchmarking 137
- 7 Ss model 137
- competitive 137
- functional 137
- generic 137
- internal 137
- metrics 138
- process 139
bp petroleum 26
brainstorming 169, 173, 183
- facilitator 169
- SCAMMPERR 170
- stimulating checklist 170
- stimulation techniques 170
brainstorming session 169
Bristol-Myers Squibb 6
British Energy 26
budgets 112
- annual plans 114
- capital costs 115
- personnel costs 114
- plans 114
business analysis techniques 164
business strategy 216, 230
- balanced scorecard 217
- formulation 216
- mission 216
- strategy 216
- vision 216
C
career development 25, 37, 49
- career pathway 51
- career pathway map 52
- dual ladder 50
career management 63
- career rules 63
- short and long term goals 63
- your own career 63
change management 140
- change initiative 142
- change management skills 144
- change process 141
- change programme 143
- embodying change 144
- General Systems Theory 141
- major changes 141
- stakeholders 143
chemicals and equipment supplies 101
- bar coding system 102
- laboratory samples 102
- manufacturing samples 102
Ciba 5
Clariant 5, 110
climate for innovation 154
- interaction with the market 154
- project management 154
- skills base 154
- strategy and targets 154
clinical development 242
combinatorial chemistry 105, 230
combinatorial libraries 100
communications 269
Company Secret 194
competency based assessment 16
competency-building 231
continuing professional development 45
continuous improvement 133, 142, 217
continuous improvement cycle 133
contract research organisations 90
core competencies 13, 202, 230
corporate R&D 73
cost allocation 113
- global method 113
- specific method 113
cost budget 112
cost control and monitoring 115
creating 181
- five common steps 181
creative climate 152
- chance to experiment 153
- culture 153
- freedom to think 153
- strategy 153
- wide contacts 153
creative groups 60
- characteristics 61
- charismatic leaders 62
- fear of failure 61
- managing 60
- self-managed teams 62
creative individual 155, 156
- dimensions 155
- fantasy 156
- optimism 156
creative scientists 155
creative thinking 150, 151, 165, 166
- barriers 166
- evaluation of the ideas generated 182
- evaluation team 182
- six dimensions 151
creative thinking techniques 168
creativity 9, 147, 148, 149
- definitions 149
creativity tool 167
critical paths 266
- method 266
customer-supplier relationship 132
D
de-layering 55
de-manning 55
Degussa 75
development centres 33
development risks 248
disciplinary action 48
Dow 73, 74
downsizing 55
drug development pathway 90
drug discovery programs 109
DSM 75, 90
DuPont 5, 74, 150
DyStar 5
E
EINECS 239
Employment Rights Act 35
engineering and buildings maintenance 102
environmental challenge 224
Environmental Management System 127
- ISO 14 000 series 127
establishment of the manufacture and sales 243
F
field and customer trials 241
financial control 111
first generation R&D companies 82
Food and Drug Administration 124
fourth generation R&D companies 83
fourth-generation R&D 65
G
Gantt Charts 264
generation of ideas 167
generic groupings type 4
- biological 4
- fine chemicals 4
- polymers 4
- raw and bulk materials 4
- services 4
- specialities 4
GlaxoSmithKline 6
global R&D 87
- alliances 88
- collaborations 88
- global team 87
- trans-national R&D 88
globalisation 5, 87, 200
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) 122
- principles 123
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) 124, 242
- GMP principles 125
- minimum requirements 124
Green Chemistry 224
H
headhunters 21
health and safety 116
- audit 120
- COSHH 116
- indicators 119
- legal background 116
- management 117
- monitoring 120
- OSHA 117
- performance standards 119
- review 120
- risk assessment 118
health, safety and environment 101
Henkel 93
high throughput experimentation 106
high throughput screening 106
Hoechst 5
HSE 238
human resource 11, 269
- harnessing 11
- monitoring the performance 269
I
ICI 5
idea generation 166
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