DeutschesFachbuch.de : Life - As a Matter of Fat The Emerging Science of Lipidomics Von Ole G. Mouritsen

Contents

Prologue: Lipidomics - A Science Beyond Stamp Collection			1


Part I The Overlooked Molecules

1	Life from Molecules		9
	1.1	The Three Kingdoms of Life	9
	1.2	The Molecules of Life	10
	1.3	The Post-Genomic Era	16
	1.4	A Call for Physics	19

2	Head and Tail		23
	2.1	Fat Family: Fats and Fatty Acids	23
	2.2	The Polar Lipids - Both Head and Tail	26
	2.3	Cholesterol - A Lipid of Its Own	28
	2.4	Strange Lipids	29
	2.5	Lipid Composition of Membranes	31

3	Oil and Water		33
	3.1	Water - The Biological Solvent	33
	3.2	The Hydrophobic Effect	34
	3.3	Mediating Oil and Water	35
	3.4	Self-Assembly and the Lipid Aggregate Family	37
	3.5	Plucking Lipids	40

4	Lipids Speak the Language of Curvature		43
	4.1	How Large Is a Lipid Molecule?	43
	4.2	Lipid Molecules Have Shape	46
	4.3	Lipid Structures with Curvature	46
	4.4	Microorganisms' Sense of Curvature	51

5	A Matter of Softness		53
	5.1	Soft Matter	53
	5.2	Soft Interfaces	53
	5.3	Forces Between Soft Interfaces	58
	5.4	Lipid Membranes are Really Soft	59

6	Soft Shells Shape Up		63
	6.1	Bending Interfaces	63
	6.2	Spontaneous Curvature	66
	6.3	Shaping Membranes	67
	6.4	Red Blood Cells Shape Up	68

7	Biological Membranes - Models and Fashion		73
	7.1	What Is a Model?	73
	7.2	Brief History of Membrane Models	74
	7.3	Do We Need a New Membrane Model?	76
	7.4	Theoretical and Experimental Model Systems	78

Part II Lipids Make Sense

8	Lipids in Bilayers - A Stressful and Busy Life		81
	8.1	Trans-bilayer Structure	81
	8.2	The Lateral Pressure Profile	83
	8.3	How Thick Are Membranes?	85
	8.4	Lively Lipids on the Move	86

9	The More We Are Together		91
	9.1	Phase Transitions Between Order and Disorder	91
	9.2	Lipids Have Phase Transitions	94
	9.3	Mixing Different Lipids	98
	9.4	Cholesterol Brings Lipids to Order	100

10	Lipids in Flatland		105
	10.1	Gases, Liquids, and Solids in Two Dimensions	105
	10.2	Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films	107
	10.3	Pattern Formation in Lipid Monolayers	110
	10.4	Lipids Make the Lung Work	112

11	Social Lipids		117
	11.1	Lateral Membrane Structure	117
	11.2	Imaging Lipid Domains	121
	11.3	Lipid Rafting	124
	11.4	Domains and Rafts Carry Function	127

12	Lively Lipids Provide for Function		129
	12.1	Leaky and Thirsty Membranes	129
	12.2	Repelling Membranes	131
	12.3	Enzymes Can Sense Membrane Transitions	133
	12.4	Lipid Thermometer in Lizards	135

13	Proteins at Lipid Mattresses		137
	13.1	Coming to Terms with Lipids	137
	13.2	Anchoring at Membranes	139
	13.3	Spanning the Membrane	142

	Part III Lipids in Action

14	Cholesterol on the Scene		149
	14.1	Molecule of the Century	149
	14.2	Evolutionary Perfection of a Small Molecule	150
	14.3	Cholesterol Fit for Life	152
	14.4	Cholesterol As a Killer	156

15	Lipids in Charge		159
	15.1	Lipids and Proteins Match Up	159
	15.2	Stressing Proteins to Function	165
	15.3	Lipids Opening Channels	169
	15.4	Lipids Mediate Fusion	170

16	Being Smart - A Fishy Matter of Fat		173
	16.1	The Essential Fatty Acids	173
	16.2	Evolution of the Human Brain	175
	16.3	Lipids at the Border of Madness	177

17	Liquor and Drugs - As a Matter of Fat		181
	17.1	Lipids Are Targets for Drugs	181
	17.2	Alcohol and Anesthesia	182
	17.3	Poking Holes in Membranes	184
	17.4	Gramicidin - the Portable Hole	186

18	Lipid Eaters		189
	18.1	Enzymes That Break Down Lipids in Crowds	189
	18.2	Watching Enzymes at Work	192
	18.3	Lipids Going Rancid	193

19	Powerful and Strange Lipids at Work		197
	19.1	The Impermeable Barrier - Lipids in the Skin	197
	19.2	Surviving at Deep Sea and in Hot Springs	200
	19.3	Lipids As Messengers	203
	19.4	Lipids As a Matter of Death	205

20	Survival by Lipids		209
	20.1	Lipids for Smart Nanotechnology	209
	20.2	Lipids Deliver Drugs	214
	20.3	Liposomes As Magic Bullets	216
	20.4	Lipids Fighting Cancer	219

Epilogue: Fat for Future			225

Bibliography			227

Sources for Figures			249

Index			255