DeutschesFachbuch.de : Material Science of Chitin and Chitosan

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Contents
List of Contributors v
Preface vii
1 Chitin and Chitosan 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Identification of Chitin and Chitosan 2
1.3 Chemical Structures of Chitin and Chitosan 3
1.4 Significant Participation of Chitin and Chitosan in Biological
Functions
7
2 Three-dimensional Assembly of Chitin and Chitosan 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Chitin Structures 21
2.2.1 Crystal Structures of Chitin 21
2.2.2 Computer Modeling of Chitin Crystals 24
2.2.3 Proposed Models for the Biosynthesis Mechanism of Chitin Microfibrils 27
2.2.4 Complexes with ß-Chitin 30
2.3 Chitosan Structures 33
2.3.1 Crystal Structures of Chitosan 34
2.3.2 Acid Complexes 37
2.3.3 Transition Metal Complexes 42
2.3.4 Chitosan Conformation in Acidic Solutions 43
2.4 Spontaneous Transformation of Chitosan Conformation 44
2.4.1 At Room Atmosphere 44
2.4.2 In an Alcohol-Water Mixture 46
2.5 Conformational Diversity of the Chitosan Molecule 47
3 Introduction of Biologically Active Branches through Controlled Modification React...
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 O-Glycosyl-branched Derivatives 52
3.2.1 Synthesis Based on Phthaloyl-chitosan 53
A. Phthaloylation 53
B. Branching 54
C. Properties 57
3.2.2 Synthesis Based on Trimethylsilyl-chitosan 59
A. Silylation 59
B. Branching 60
3.3 N-Branched Derivatives 61
3.3.1 Reductive N-Alkylation 61
A. With Reducing Sugars 61
B. With Formyl-bearing Sugars 64
3.3.2 N -Acylation 66
3.4 Cyclodextrin-branched Derivatives 67
3.4.1 Reductive Alkylation 67
3.4.2 Other Reactions 69
3.5 Peptide-branched Derivatives 70
3.5.1 N-Acylation 70
3.5.2 Other Reactions 74
3.6 Other Branched Derivatives 74
3.7 Conclusion 77
4 Enzymes Involved in Chitin and Chitosan Decomposition and Synthesis 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Chitinases 81
4.2.1 Chitinase Structure 82
4.2.2 Enzyme Mechanism 86
4.2.3 Chitin and Oligosaccharide Binding 89
4.3 Chitosanases 92
4.3.1 Chitosanase Structure and Mechanism 92
4.3.2 Hydrolytic Specificity 95
4.3.3 Chitosan and Oligosaccharide Binding 97
4.4 Chitin Synthase 98
4.4.1 Enzymatic Mechanism of Chitin Biosynthesis 98
4.4.2 Regulation of Enzyme Activity 99
4.4.3 Structure of Chitin Synthases 101
4.4.4 Chitosan Biosynthesis and Chitin Deacetylase 103
4.5 Applications 105
4.5.1 Oligosaccharide Production 105
4.5.2 Plant Protection 107
4.5.3 Chitinases as Targets for Blocking Host-Parasite Interaction 108
4.6 Conclusion 108
5 Separation Materials Derived from Chitin and Chitosan 113
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Index
AAbsidia coerulea 103
Acetobacter xylinum 275
N -acetylchitohexaose 165
- immuno-enhancing effect of - 165
N-acetylglucosamine 2, 64, 81
N -acetyl-D-glucosamine 155, 191, 204
N -acetylglucosaminide linkage 105
acetyl xylan esterase 103
acid complex 37
N, O-acylchitosan 116
adenine 148
adhesion 221
adhesive protein 225
adiabatic nonbonding energy 26
adriamycin 74
adsorbent 150
Aeromonas sp. 82
affinity chromatography 67
aggrecan 237
agricultural material 261
Alcian blue 215
- staining 204
alcohol permselective membrane 136
alcohol-water mixture 46
alginate 264
Aliquat 336 149
alkaline phosphatase 227
N-alkylation 61
N-alkylidenchitosan 116
allosamizoline structure 88
allyl glycoside
- ozonolysis of - 64
Amino Black 10 B 264, 266
Amycolatopsis orientalis 106
Amycolatopsis sp. 93
analgesia 204
antennary galactose residue 180
anticancer drug 76
antimicrobial activity by chitosan 16
antitumor agent 168
antitumor drug vehicle 175
apparent affinity constant 184
N-aryridenchitosan 116
Aspergillus fumigatus 101
Aspergillus nidulans 101, 103
Aspergillus sp. 274
ATDC 5 236
a axis 35, 40
BBacillus circulans 82, 86, 90, 93, 96, 98
Bacillus sp. 95
Bacillus subtilis 205
b axis 31, 40
BCG-CWS 9
benzene/cyclohexane 137
benzoate ion 147
BET sulface area 153
biocompatibility 224
biomass 160
biomedical material
- application of - 207
- preparation of- 208
biomedical polymer 224
BMP 226
Bombyx mori
2 bone
- morphogenetic protein-2 226
- regeneration 227
bovine
- liver catalase 157
- polymorphonuclear cell 196
- serum albumin 157, 266
- spongiform encephalopthy 225
Boyden's chamber technique 196
N-brached derivative 61
branching 54
Br ion 145
BSA 157, 266
BSE 225
BXH-SG 28
Bz/Chx 137
Ccalcium chloride saturated methanol 245
Canavalia ensiformis 84
Candida albicans 101
Candida rugosa 158
canker 212
N-carboxy anhydride 70 0-carboxymethylated chitosan 135
carboxymethyl cellulose 229
carboxymethyl chitin 151, 273
carine serum 202
carrier
- polymer 169
- transport 121
- transport membrane 145
cartilage regeneration 235
cat 209, 211
catalytic membrane 149
catamoylation 127
cathepsin B 173
c axis 35, 40
cell
- membrane 221
- wall-supporting material 1
celluar gene delivery 180
cellulose 1
- phosphorylated - 252
- structure of- 113
chain packing parameter 26
checkerboard assay 197
chitin
- based fiber 251
- biosynthesis 98
- enzymatic mechanism of - 98
- coated alginate 264
- crystal 24
- deacetylase 103, 104
- homology domain of - 103
- filament 253
- hydrogel 254, 272, 275
- microfibril 27
- biosynthesis mechanism of - 27
- oligosaccharide 104
- binding 89
- powder 272
- sheet 32, 254
- crystal structure of - 255
- sponge 194
- as carrier 168
- for agricultural material 261
- for drug delivery system 264
- for food additive 260
- for water purification 262
- N-acylation of - 70
- affinity for solvent of - 57
- antimicrobial activity of- 205
- biocompatibility of - 192
- biodegradabilityof- 58, 193
- biological activity of- 195
- biomedical material of- 209
- branched derivative of - 74
- branching of - 60
- characteristics of - 115
- CM- 8, 13, 14, 172, 174, 273
- crystallographic study of - 271
- crystal structure of - 21
- enzymatic degradation of - 58
- HCl - 30
- identification of - 2
- MA- 11
- MLC of- 15
- molar ratio of - 18 molecular weight of - 5, 57
- participation of - 7 phosphoric- 150
- phosphoryl 264
- phosphorylated - 229, 251
- safety data for - 193
- silylation of- 59
- solubility of- 4, 246
- solvent system for - 245
- structure of - 1, 3, 113, 264
- sulfated - 229, 239
- synthetic route of - 17
- TM- 181
- toxicity of- 192
- viscosity of- 5
- wound healing by - 209
α-chitin 29
- crystal 26
- structure of - 22
ß-chitin 24
- cellulose 29
- crystal 26, 29, 31
-microfibril 28
- complex with - 30
- crystal model of - 25
- model of - 24
chitinase 81
- inhibitor 88- structure of - 88
- application of- 105
- C-terminalof- 102
- enzyme mechanism of- 86
- N-terminal of- 102
- plant protection of - 107
- single displacement mechnism of- 89
- structure of - 82
- substrate-assisted mechanism of - 87
- X-ray crystal structure of - 84
chitinous material 123, 245, 258
- fabrication of - 247
chitin synthase 98, 100
- chemical structure of - 100
- domain structure of- 102
- sequence alignment of - 101
- structure of- 101
Chitipack P 208, 210
Chitipack S 208
q-Chito 135, 141
Chito/HEC 135
Chitopack C 209, 211, 213
chitosan
- acetic acid salt 39
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