DeutschesFachbuch.de : Toxicants in Terrestrial Ecosystems A Guide for the Analytical and Environmental Chemist Von T. R. Crompton

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Contents
1 Sampling for the Analysis of Soil and Plant Sample Materials 1
1.1 Soil 1
1.1.1 Soil Sampling 1
1.1.2 Soil Preparation for the Analysis and Determination of Metals 2
1.1.3 Extraction of Inorganic Substances from Soil 3
1.1.4 Extraction of Organic Substances from Soils 6
1.2 Plants and Crops 18
1.2.1 Plant and Crop Sampling 18
1.2.2 Preparation of Plant Extracts 20
References 20
2 Determination of Metals in Soils 27
2.1 Actinides 27
2.2 Aluminium 27
2.3 Ammonium 28
2.4 Antimony 29
2.5 Arsenic 30
2.6 Barium 33
2.7 Beryllium 33
2.8 Bismuth 33
2.9 Cadmium 33
2.10 Caesium 36
2.11 Calcium 37
2.12 Cerium 38
2.13 Chromium 39
2.14 Cobalt 40
2.15 Copper 40
2.16 Curium 41
2.17 Europium 41
2.18 Hafnium 41
2.19 Indium 41
2.20 Iridium 41
2.21 Iron 41
2.22 Lanthanum 42
2.23 Lead 42
2.24 Magnesium 44
2.25 Manganese 44
2.26 Mercury 45
2.27 Molybdenum 47
2.28 Nickel 49
2.29 Palladium 49
2.30 Platinum 50
2.31 Plutonium and Americium 50
2.32 Potassium 50
2.33 Rubidium 50
2.34 Scandium 50
2.35 Selenium 51
2.36 Silver 55
2.37 Sodium 55
2.38 Strontium 55
2.39 Thullium 55
2.40 Tantalum 56
2.41 Technetium 56
2.42 Tellurium 56
2.43 Terbium 56
2.44 Thallium 56
2.45 Thorium 57
2.46 Tin 57
2.47 Titanium 57
2.48 Tungsten 57
2.49 Uranium 58
2.50 Vanadium 59
2.51 Yttrium 59
2.52 Zinc 60
2.53 Zirconium 60
2.54 Selective Extraction of Metal Ions Associated with Humic Acid from Soil 60
2.54.1 Extraction with Aqueous Reagents 60
2.55 Multi-Metal Analysis of Soils 65
References 70
3 Determination of Radioactive Elements in Soil 79
3.1 137 Caesium 79
3.2 127 Iodine and 129 Iodine 79
3.3 63 Nickel 79
3.4 210 Polonium 79
3.5 226 Radium 79
3.6 89 Strontium and 90 Strontium 80
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Subject Index
AActinides 27
Aflatoxins, peanuts 219
Alcohols, soils 98
Aldehydes 98
Alfalfa, fluoride 251
Aliphatic hydrocarbons 89
- soils 89
Aluminium 27, 175
- in crops 260
Americium 50, 82 2-Aminobutane, potatoes 224
Ammonium 28
Animal faeces, ruthenium 189
Anions, plants/crops 249
- borate 249
- boron-containing 249
- bromate 250
- bromide 250
- chloride 250
- cyanide 251
- fluoride 251
- multi-anion analysis 254
- nitrate 252
- nitrite 252
- phosphate 253
- sulfate 253
- vanadate 253
Anions, soils 153
- arsenate/arsenite 153
- borate 153
- bromide 155
- carbonate 156
- chlorate 156
- chloride 156 -Chromate 158
- cyanide 158
- iodide 158
- manganate 158
- molybdate 158
- multiple anions 170
- nitrate 158, 163
- nitric oxide 164
- nitrite 163
- nitrous oxide 164
- phosphate 165
- selenite 165
- sulfate 165
- sulfide 167
- thallate 170
- tungstate 170
- uranate 170
- vanadate 170
Antibacterial agents, soils 114
Antimony 29, 175
Apples, fluoride 251
- metal contents 257
- thiabendazole 218
- tricyclohexylhydroxystannane 247
Aromatic amines, soils 110
Aromatic hydrocarbons, soils 91
Arsenate/arsenite 153
Arsenic 30, 67, 175
- in crops 260
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) 194
- mercury 181
Atrinin 219
BBarium 33, 175
Barley, carboxin 236
Beryllium 33, 175
Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) 223
3, 6-Bis-(4-nitro-2-sulfophenylazo) chromotropic acid 253
Bismuth 33, 175
Borate 153, 249
Boron-containing anions, plants 249
Broccoli 257
Bromate 250
Bromide 155, 250
CCabbage, S-methylmethionine 218
Cadmium 33, 67, 176
Caesium 36
Caesium-137 79
Calcium 37, 176
Californium 82
Carbamates, soils 117, 119
Carbonate 156
Carboxin (2, 3-dihydro-6-methyl-5- phenylcarbamoyl-1, 4-oxathiin), barley/wheat 236
Carboxylic acids 217
- plant materials/vegetables/fruit 217
Cassava, cyanide 251
Cations, plant materials/vegetables/fruit 175
- aluminium 175
- antimony 175
- arsenic 175
- barium 175
- beryllium 175
- bismuth 175
- cadmium 176
- calcium 176
- chromium 176
- cobalt 176
- copper 176
- germanium 177
- gold 177
- iron 177
- lead 178
- magnesium 180
- manganese 180
- mercury 181
- molybdenum 186
- multi-cation analysis 193
- nickel 188
- potassium 189
- rubidium 189
- ruthenium 189
- selenium 190
- sodium 192
- strontium 192
- tellurium 192
- thallium 192
- tin 192
- titanium 193
- uranium 193
- vanadium 193
- zinc 193
Celery, S-methylmethionine 218
Cerium 38
Chlorate 156
Chloride 156, 250
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, plant leaves 224
Chlorinated insecticides 115
Chloroaliphatic hydrocarbons 101
Chloroaromatic hydrocarbons 103
Chromate 158
Chromium 39, 176
Cobalt 40, 176
Contaminant contents, soil/crops 257
Copper 40, 176
- grass/wheat/lupin 177
Corn, deoxynivalenol 221
- tetrachloride 225
- zearalenone 222
Corn flour 257
Crop sampling 18
Crops, metal contents 259
Cucumber, methyl bromide fumigant 250
Curium 41
Cyanide 158, 251
Cyclohexylstannane acid 248
DDeoxynivalenol, corn 221 2, 4-Dichlorophenol 217
- plant materials/vegetables/fruit 217
Differential pulse polarography (DPP) 221
Direct fluid injection mass spectrometry (DFI-MS) 221
Dithizone 247
EEnteroviruses, soils 114
Ergot alkaloids 219
Estrogenic mycotoxin 219
Ethers 217
- plant materials/vegetables/fruit 217
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extraction 65
Europium 41
Extraction, aqueous reagents 60
- inorganic substances, soil 3
- organic substances, soil 6
FFlame retardants, soils 112
Fluoride 251
Fruit, cations 175
Fruit kernels, cyanide 251
Fulvic acids, soils 113
Fumigants, soil 131
Fungicides, soil 131
- vegetables/fruit/grain 236
Furalaxyl 236
Fusarium toxins 219
GGas chromatography 210
Germanium 177
Gold 177
Grain, bromide 250
Grapes, tricyclohexylhydroxystannane 247
Grasses, cyanide 251
- fluoride 251
- ruthenium 189
Greases, soils 97
Growth regulators 241
HHafnium 41
Herbicides, carbamate type 119
- imidazolinones 126
- phenoxyacetic acid type 124
- plant materials/vegetables/grain 236 -soils 119, 131
- substituted urea types 119
- sulfonylurea type 121
- triazine type 121
Heteropolycyclic hydrocarbonyl [NSO] 96
- soils 96
HPLC, laser fluorometric detection 222
Humic acids, soil metal ion extraction 60
- soils 113
IImidazolinones 126
Indium 41
Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) 204
Insecticides 225
- carbamates 117
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