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Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Synchrotron Radiation and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 5
2.1 Synchrotron Radiation 5
2.2 Advances in Synchrotron Development 7
2.3 Examples of Synchrotron Radiation Facilities 11
2.4 Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (SR-XRF) 14
2.4.1 Fluorescence X-ray 14
2.4.2 Detectors 15
2.4.3 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry: A Typical Spectrum 16
2.4.4 Background Level in Detected Spectrum 18
2.4.4.1 Basic Components of the Background in SR-XRF 18
2.4.4.2 Compton Scattering 18
2.4.4.3 Elastic Scattering 18
2.4.4.4 Bremsstrahlung Radiation of Photoelectrons in the Sample 19
2.4.4.5 Improvement for Reducing the Background 19
2.5 Quantitative XRF Analysis 20
2.5.1 Basic Equations 20
2.5.2 Development of Computer Programs for Quantitative XRF Analysis 22
2.5.2.1 Objective 22
2.5.2.2 Algorithm and Basic Equations for the Spectrum Analysis and Quantification ...
2.5.2.3 Minimum Detection Limit 30
2.5.2.4 Conclusion and Discussion 32
2.6 XANES Analysis for Metalloprotein in Biomedical Samples 33
2.6.1 Principles and Features of Micro-XANES 33
2.6.2 Beam Line Set-up and Experimental Instruments 35
References 35
3 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy 37
3.1 Absorption and Transmission of X-ray through Matter 37
3.2 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure 38
3.3 EXAFS and XANES 39
3.4 Measurement Procedure 41
3.5 Experimental Layout for XAFS Analysis 41
3.6 Chemical Shift 43
3.7 Chemical State Imaging and Selectively Induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy 44
References 45
4 SR Microbeam Analysis at Cellular Level 47
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 Elemental Images of Single Macrophage Cells 47
4.2.1 Introduction 47
4.2.2 Culture of Macrophages 48
4.2.2.1 Macrophages 48
4.2.2.2 Procedures for the Cell Culture 49
4.2.2.3 Histological Observation 49
4.2.2.4 Morphological Observation 55
4.2.3 SR Measurement 58
4.2.3.1 Sample Preparation 58
4.2.3.2 Experimental Set-up 58
4.2.4 Experimental Results 59
4.2.4.1 Elemental Images of Macrophages 59
4.2.4.2 Result of X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Analysis 75
4.2.4.2.1 Culture in Cr Chloride Solution Environment 75
4.2.4.2.2 Culture in Fe Chloride Solution Environment 76
4.2.4.2.3 Summary 77
4.2.5 Consideration about the Interactions between Macrophages and Foreign Metal Ele...
4.3 Elemental Images of Single Neurons by using SR-XRF 80
4.3.1 Introduction 80
4.3.2 Procedures of Cell Culture and Morphological Observation 81
4.3.2.1 Neuron 81
4.3.2.2 Procedures of Cell Culture 82
4.3.2.3 Morphologic Observation with Scanning Electron Microscope 82
4.3.3 Sample Preparation and Experimental Methods 85
4.3.4 Challenge for In Vivo and In Situ Measurement of Living Single Neurons 85
4.3.4.1 Objective 85
4.3.4.2 Procedure 85
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Index
Aabsorption spectrum 39, 40, 76, 118
accelerator 2, 5
accumulation 24, 55, 68, 75, 79, 81, 104, 133, 139, 145, 147, 151, 166, 170, 175, 199
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)22, 81, 131, 151, 153, 156, 159, 163, 165, 167
Alzheimer's disease (AD) 22, 80, 131, 140, 151, 176, 179, 182
attenuation coefficient 22, 37
Bbackground 16, 17, 19, 24
beam line 7, 9, 12, 14, 41, 58, 85, 118, 154
bending magnet 8 brilliance 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 204
CCa distribution 214
cancer 193, 195
cell culture 49, 65, 76, 81, 85, 108, 125, 203
chemical shift 43, 44, 143, 147, 179
chemical state 1, 6, 43, 44, 100, 108, 144, 146, 165, 213
copper 80, 163, 177, 183
critical energy 5 cytotoxicity 48, 104, 148, 162, 166, 216
Ddensity 22, 48, 62, 64, 68, 73, 92, 98, 207
detector 10, 12, 15, 18
differentiation 24, 35, 107, 108
EEDX 81, 101
Ektessabi 48, 68, 207
elemental analysis 14, 48, 85, 108, 111, 151, 165
elemental distribution 1, 59, 61, 69, 87, 92, 102, 198, 210
elemental image 59, 61, 85, 89, 118
emission 8, 14, 18, 41, 216
energy tunability 6, 34
EPMA 78, 81, 102
ES cell 35, 107, 109, 112, 116, 121, 124, 193
escape peak 17
ESRF 2
FFe distribution 215
Fenton 103, 183 fluorescence yield 15, 21, 44, 76
FRDA 184, 188
free radical 78, 81, 103, 131, 152, 184, 188, 191
Hhistological observation 49, 124, 132
Iinsertion device 9
intensity 6, 16, 19, 22, 30, 37, 42, 89, 94, 111, 154
intracellular 32, 50, 60, 64, 152, 165, 177
ionization chamber 12
iron 34, 43, 44, 81, 97, 103, 188
KK-edge 43, 76, 118, 121, 140, 144, 158, 182
Kirkpatrick-Baez 11
Mmetalloprotein 33122163
microbeam 14, 47, 58, 66, 76, 78, 82, 94, 147, 207
microbiology 1, 206
monochromator 10, 14, 35
Nneuron 44, 80, 103, 107, 116, 119, 122, 123, 177, 182
non-destructive 1, 7, 14, 132, 165
Ooxidative stress 131, 133, 138, 151, 176, 185
Pparkinsonism dementia complex (PDC) 22, 131, 133, 135, 138, 139, 141, 144, 145, 148
Parkinson's disease (PD) 22, 131
peak 5, 9, 16, 113, 136, 146, 211
peak fitting 25, 29, 31
photon 2, 6, 11, 42, 58
photon factory 11, 58, 111, 119, 154, 178, 185, 194, 201
program 22, 25, 32, 161, 193
Qquantification 7, 16, 23, 24, 62, 92, 138, 158, 179, 203
RRF cavity 8
Sscanning electron microscope 1 scattering 18, 19, 20, 37, 40
single cell 1, 3, 6, 49, 79, 81, 92, 109, 133, 182, 205
solid-state detector 15
solution 12, 38, 48, 49, 50, 65, 71, 75, 77, 83, 99, 102, 126, 205, 214
spectrum 5, 13, 14, 19, 27, 32, 39
spectrum analysis 24, 32, 136
SPring-8 2, 6, 9, 11, 12, 43, 85, 140
storage ring 12
stress 131, 152, 177
sum peak 17
synchrotron radiation (SR) 1, 5, 11, 14
Ttissue 1, 78, 103, 134, 141, 147, 154, 182, 194, 201, 204
toxicity 48, 53, 68, 130, 152
trace element 12, 24, 42, 49, 58, 79, 109, 151, 208
transferrin 103
transmission electron microscope 1
Uundulator 9
Wwiggler 9
XX-ray 1, 7, 16, 18, 22, 30
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) 1, 5, 36, 48
X-ray fine structure analysis (XAFS)1, 33
YYoshida 44
ZZinc distribution 194
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