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Preface to the English Edition In 2006, the scientific society is celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity by George Bednorz and Alex Müller. Dynamically developing researches in this field give new scientific results. This caused a significant modernization of the English edition compared to the Russian one [808], which has been written in 2003. Considerable changes have been introduced in Chaps. 1-3 and Appendix A, in particular, new Sect. 3....
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I. A. Parinov Microstructure and Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors The main features of high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) that define their properties are intrinsic brittleness of oxide cuprates, the layered anisotropic structure and the supershort coherence length. Taking into account these features, this treatise presents research into HTSC microstructure and properties, and also explores the possibilities of optimization of the preparation techniques and superconduct... [weiter lesen] |
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Contents
1 Superconductors and Superconductivity: General Issues 1
1.1 Superconductivity Discovery 1
1.2 Progress and Prognosis of Superconductivity Applications 5
1.3 Superconductivity Phenomena 16
1.3.1 Critical Field 16
1.3.2 Josephson Effects 16
1.3.3 The Meissner Effect 18
1.3.4 The Isotope Effect 19
1.3.5 Penetration Depth and Coherence Length 20
1.4 Magnetic Properties of Superconductors 21
1.4.1 Magnetic Properties of Type-I Superconductors 21
1.4.2 The Intermediate State 24
1.4.3 Magnetic Properties of Type-II Superconductors 25
1.5 Theories of Superconductivity 26
1.6 High-Temperature Superconductors 33
1.6.1 General Remarks on Type-II Superconductors 33
1.6.2 Doping of Cuprates 35
1.6.3 Coherence Length and HTSC Anisotropy 39
1.6.4 Vortex Structure of HTSC and Magnetic Flux Pinning 42
1.6.5 Interactions of Vortices with Pinning Centers 47
1.7 Weak Links of Josephson Type 49
2 Composition Features and HTSC Preparation Techniques 53
2.1 YBCO Films and Coated Conductors 53
2.2 BSCCO Films, Tapes and Wires 63
2.3 Tapes and Wires, Based on Thallium and Mercurial Cuprates 81
2.4 BSCCO Bulks 83
2.5 Y(RE)BCO Bulks 89
3 Experimental Investigations of HTSC 97
3.1 Experimental Methods of HTSC Investigations 97
3.1.1 Special Techniques 97
3.1.2 Acoustic Emission Method 105
3.2 Intergranular Boundaries in HTSC 114
3.3 Superconducting Composites, Based on BSCCO 127
3.3.1 BSCCO/Ag Tapes 127
3.3.2 Irreversibility Lines for BSCCO 140
3.3.3 BSCCO Bulks 144
3.4 Melt-Processed Y(RE)BCO 151
3.4.1 Microstructure Features 151
3.4.2 Growth Processes in Seeded Sample 154
3.4.3 Behavior of 211(422) Disperse Phase 158
3.4.4 Effects of Doping Additives 167
3.4.5 Mechanical and Strength Properties 171
4 Carbon Problem 183
4.1 YBCO System 183
4.2 BSCCO Systems 194
4.3 Carbon Embrittlement and Fracture of YBCO Superconductor 197
4.3.1 Mathematical Model for Carbonate Precipitation and Fracture 198
4.3.2 Discussion of Results 207
4.4 Modeling of Carbon Segregation and Fracture Processes of HTSC 209
4.4.1 Equilibrium Slow and Fast Crack Growth 209
4.4.2 Steady-State Crack Growth 213
4.4.3 Some Numerical Results 216
5 General Aspects of HTSC Modeling 219
5.1 Yield Criteria and Flow Rules for HTSC Powders Compaction 222
5.1.1 HTSC Compaction and Yield Criterion 222
5.1.2 Non-Associated Plasticity of HTSC Powders 225
5.2 Void Transformations During Sintering of Sample 230
5.2.1 Void Separation from Intergranular Boundary 233
5.2.2 Size Trajectories in the Pore/Grain Boundary System During Sintering 23...
5.2.3 Estimation of Pore Separation Effects for HTSC 249
5.3 HTSC Microstructure Formation During Sintering 251
5.4 Microcracking of Intergranular Boundaries at Sample Cooling 256
5.5 Study of Statistical Properties of the Model Structures 259
5.6 Modeling of Macrocracks 261
6 Modeling of BSCCO Systems and Composites 269
6.1 Transformation of Bi-2212 to Bi-2223 Phase 269
6.1.1 Edge Dislocations as Channels for Fast Ion Diffusion 270
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Index
AA-15, 15, 486, 488, 506
ab -plane properties, 40, 42, 54, 57, 60, 68, 92, 138, 151, 164, 171, 284, 309, 315, ...
Abrikosov theory, 27, 33
- vortices, 98, 441, 457
- with Josephson core, 441
Acetate method, 60
Acoustic emission method, 105
Activation energy, 46, 255, 269
Additions
Ag, 76, 93, 139, 145, 170, 175
- calcium, 52, 93, 169, 170
- Ce, 93, 169
- filaments, 87
- fluorine, 3, 83
- high-dense polyethylene, 87
- particle dispersion, 87, 93
- Pb, 74, 83, 230
- PtO 2 , 93, 167, 170, 192
- RE ions, 93
- MgO whiskers, 87, 144, 149
- Sn, 93, 169
- TiO 2 , 87
- ZrO 2 , 87, 93, 178
Aerosol spray pyrolysis, 63, 65, 81
Annealing, 59, 70, 86, 144, 188, 251, 278, 281, 377, 485
- temperature, 270, 282
- time, 230, 283
Anomalous peak effect, 498
Ant into maze algorithm, 478, 481
Antiferromagnetic, 485, 489, 491, 494, 498
- metal-insulator transition, 441
- phase, 38, 500
- spin fluctuations, 29
Antivortex, 43
Archimedes method, 100
Atomic-force microscopy, 99
Atomic magnetometer, 12
Atomic-scale defects, 46
Atomistic sharpness, 209
Avrami equation, 269, 276
BBardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory, 19, 28, 39, 490
Barenblatt-Dugdale model, 392
Baushinger effect, 298
Bean model, 335, 451, 454
Bell-like dependence, 33, 37, 439, 486, 492, 495
Bellman-Kalaba algorithm, 264
Bi-2212
- covering, 83- film, 67
- phase formation, 68
- powder, 65, 70
- re-crystallization, 282
- tape, 67
Bi-2212/Bi-2223
- phase transformation, 84, 137, 269, 272, 276, 280, 281
- mutual overgrowth, 114, 127, 446
Bi-2223
- bulk, 144, 400
- plate-late grains, 127, 144
- powder, 65, 70, 294, 295, 296,
- tape, 107, 108, 127, 290, 295, 298, 469
Binary
- flux-flow (FF) model, 459
- Josephson junction (JJ) model, 459
Bi-polaron superconductivity, 30, 32
Bitter decoration method, 97
Bogolyubov quasi-particles, 32
Boltzmann statistics, 284
Bose-Einstein condensation, 27, 30
Boundaries
- domains, 192, 316, 376
- phases, 326, 369
- twins, 186, 344, 376, 378, 446
Bridgman furnace, 326
Brillouin zone, 493
Bubble formation, 75, 154, 195, 231
Burn technique, 65
Cc-axis properties, 31, 40, 42, 54, 57, 68, 127, 138, 151, 164, 171, 284, 309, 315, 3...
Caloric equation, 201
Carbon, 65, 66, 183, 231
- chemical potential, 202, 210
- concentration, 201, 204, 211, 213, 216, 509
- content, 63, 192, 195
- diffusion, 189, 197, 198, 200, 204, 207, 208, 213, 214, 509
- dissolution, 204, 512
- embrittlement, 197, 509
- flux, 199, 213, 509
- interstitial, 208
- nanotubes, 504
- segregation, 183, 209, 211
- solid solubility, 199, 202, 203, 204, 207, 509
- superconductors, 501
Carbonate, 195, 197, 200, 201, 204, 510
- chemical potential, 203
- precipitation, 197, 198, 207, 208
- fracture, 198
Cation modulation, 126
Cellular automata models, 326
Central limit theorem of statistics, 261
Chalcogens, 501
Charge
- carrier, 35
- concentration, 30, 503
- qubit, 8
- strips, 30, 37
Charts
- fracture, 428, 431
- material properties, 428, 429
Chemical
- composition, 99
- oxidation technique, 492
- potential gradient, 197, 198
- precipitation, 55
Chevrel phases, 488
Clausius-Mossotti approximation, 457
Cleavage planes, 261
Coherence length, 15, 20, 34, 39, 42, 47, 114, 125, 127, 188, 251, 438, 440, 447, 494...
Coherent coupling, 8, 27
Coincidence site lattice (CSL) description, 435
- constrained (CCSL), 437
Cold seeding, 94
Columnar defects, 48, 86
Combustion synthesis, 60
Compatibility
- line, 294
- point, 293
Composite beam theory, 374, 414
Concentration gradient, 198, 283, 304
Conduction band, 208
Cooling rate, 68, 87, 132, 156, 162, 309
Cooper pair, 20, 28, 30, 31, 37, 42, 49, 485
Copper excess, 121, 126
Co-precipitation technique, 65, 195
Coulomb
- correlations, 491
- repulsion, 493
Crack
- amplification, 350, 364, 365, 381, 420, 433
- blunting, 147, 410
- branching, 147, 174, 353, 364, 372, 396
- angle, 354
- bridging, 129, 175, 355, 365, 369, 372
- bulges, 426
- by ductile particles, 403
- by brittle particles, 388, 390
- catastrophic (unstable) growth, 360, 380, 422
- cleavage, 393
- coalescence, 350, 352, 365, 425
- deflection, 129, 147, 174, 387, 398, 408, 426
- driving force, 392
- dynamical, 394
- edge, 425
- equilibrium fast, 209, 217
- equilibrium slow, 209, 217
- erratic, 358
- fatigue, 392- inclined interface, 417- initiation condition, 349- intergranular, 26...
- path (trajectory), 262, 265
- penny-shaped, 357, 424, 429
- shielding, 352, 353, 371, 381, 410, 418, 433
- short, 423, 425
- stable (subcritical) growth, 197, 213, 360, 373, 380, 396, 422, 426
- stationary, 371
- steady-state, 209, 213, 215, 357, 372, 374, 375, 382, 414, 424, 425, 426, 429
- straight, 424
- tilt, 387, 396, 427
- transgranular, 261, 357, 366, 396
- transversal, 415
- twist, 387, 396, 427
- I mode, 261, 375
Criteria of superconductivity existence, 4
Critical
- current, 14, 74, 84, 108, 129, 140, 197, 230, 251, 308, 457, 459, 466, 467
- density, 4, 14, 15, 69, 83, 86, 96, 99, 119, 128, 133, 136, 142, 144, 151, 158, 167...
- tunneling, 446
- force depinning, 448
- state, 451, 457- limit, 453- model, 333, 445- temperature, 1, 3, 15, 31, 32, 37, 42...
Cryogenic pumps, 8
Crystalline state, 44 lattice, 127
Crystallographic texture, 69, 85, 400
Cubic model, 348
CuO 2 atomic planes, 2, 3, 30, 31, 32, 37, 40, 44, 46, 125, 128, 141, 170, 191, 494, ...
- buckling, 3, 495
Cuprate/carbonate composite, 199, 200, 201, 207
Current
- circulation, 463
- de-pairing, 15, 48
- density, 15, 447
- de-pinning, 459
- probability function, 473
- leakage, 12
- magnetization, 446, 449
- shielding, 331, 333
Current-limiting
- equations, 467
- mechanisms, 440
Cyclic
- fatigue, 100, 391, 474
- strains, 139
Dd-lines, 451, 452
d-symmetry, 32
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