DeutschesFachbuch.de : Ultrashort Laser Pulses in Biology and Medicine Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering

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Contents
Part I Ultrafast Lasers in Medicine
1 Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography Using Femtosecond Lasers
J.G. Fujimoto, A.D. Aguirre, Y. Chen, P.R. Herz, P.-L. Hsiung, T.H. Ko, N...
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Measuring Ultrafast Optical Echoes 6
1.3 Low-Coherence Interferometry 7
1.4 Resolution of OCT 8
1.5 Ultrahigh-Resolution OCT Using Femtosecond Lasers 10
1.6 Ultrahigh-Resolution OCT Imaging Using Ti:Al 2 O 3 Femtosecond Lasers 11
1.7 Ultrahigh-Resolution Imaging Using Cr:Forsterite Femtosecond Lasers 15
1.8 Ultrahigh-Resolution OCT Imaging Using Femtosecond Nd:Glass Lasers 20
1.9 Three-Dimensional OCT (3 D-OCT) Imaging 22
1.10 Summary 23
References 24
2 Two-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy
A. Nimmerjahn, P. Theer, and F. Helmchen 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Theory and Technology 29
2.2.1 Two-Photon Fluorescence Excitation 29
2.2.2 Fluorescence Detection 33
2.2.3 Instrumentation 35
2.2.4 Fluorescence Labeling Techniques 36
2.3 Applications 39
2.3.1 Functional Fluorescence Imaging 40
2.3.2 Photomanipulation 43
2.4 Limitations 44
2.4.1 Spatial and Temporal Resolution 44
2.4.2 Tissue Damage 45
2.5 Future Perspectives 46
References 48
3 Femtosecond Lasers in Ophthalmology: Surgery and Imaging
J. F. Bille 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Surgical Applications of Femtosecond Lasers in Ophthalmology 54
3.2.1 Laser-Tissue Interaction 54
3.2.2 All-Solid-State Femtosecond Laser Technology 57
3.2.3 Clinical Instrumentation 60
3.2.4 Experimental Results 61
3.3 Imaging Applications of Femtosecond Lasers in Ophthalmology 63
3.3.1 Principles of Nonlinear Microscopic Imaging 63
3.3.2 Second Harmonic Generation Imaging of Collagen Fibrils in Cornea, Scle...
3.3.3 Two Photon Excited Autofluorescence Imaging of Lipofuscin Granules in ...
3.3.4 Aberration Free Retina Imaging with Closed-Loop Adaptive Optics 70
3.4 Conclusion and Outlook 71
References 72
Part II Ultrafast Lasers in Biology
4 Ultrafast Peptide and Protein Dynamics by Vibrational Spectroscopy
P. Hamm 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 The Challenge of Using IR Spectroscopy as Structure-Sensitive Method 78
4.3 Experimental Methods 80
4.4 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Equilibrium Dynamics of Peptides and Proteins...
4.4.1 Photon Echo Spectroscopy 81
4.4.22 D-IR Spectroscopy 83
4.5 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Nonequilibrium Dynamics of Peptides and Prote...
4.6 Conclusion and Outlook 90
References 91
5 Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting
T. Pullerits, T. Polivka, and V. Sundström 95
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Light-Harvesting in Photosynthetic Purple Bacteria:Energy Transfer and Tra...
5.2.1 B 80097
5.2.2 Excitons and Polarons in B 85098
5.2.3 Inter-Complex Excitation Transfer 100
5.3 Carotenoid Light-Harvesting in the Peridinin-Chlorophyll Protein (PCP)104
5.3.1 Steady-State Spectroscopy 104
5.3.2 Energy Transfer Pathways 108
5.4 Carbonyl Carotenoids in Other Light-Harvesting Systems 111
References 112
6 Primary Photosynthetic Energy Conversion in Bacterial Reaction Centers
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Index
AAdaptive optics system, 70, 71
Aequorea victoria, 37, 284, 304
Age-related macular degeneration choroid, 67
- early development of, 70
- retina, 67
- retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 67
Air-gap coupling (AGC), 17
Air-silica microstructure fibers, in continuum generation, 15
Ala based peptides, 77
All-trans-PSBR/methanol system, in quantum yield, 255, 256
AMD, see Age-related macular degeneration Amide I band, 83-8513 C labeling of, 80
- role in vibrational spectroscopy of peptides and proteins, 79
Anisotropy, in single molecule spectroscopy, 279, 302
Area detectors, reflection pattern collection, 214
Arrhenius law, 90
Asymmetric aberration compensation, 70-71
Autofluorescent proteins, in fluorescence labeling tachnique, 284
Avalanche photodiodes (APD), in two-photon microscopy, 36
Azobenzene, for photo-switching, 87
BBacterial RCs, partial electron transfer in, 154
Bacteriochlorophyll, 119
Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) protein, 243, 252-253
- functions, 246- structure, 248
Bacteriorhodopsin, three-state model, 264, 265
B 800, bacteriochlorophyll dipoledipole interaction, 97
- excitation transfer, 97
- Förster theory calculations, 97-98
B 850, bacteriochlorophyll
- excitation annihilation, 99, 100
- exciton delocalisation, 98
- exciton self-trapping, 100
- polaron formation, 99
- red stimulated emission band, 103
- transient absorption dynamics, 99
bcl-complex, for proton gradient generation, 119
BCh 1, see Bacteriochlorophyll Biological tissues, optical ranging
measurements in, 6
Blastochloris viridis, 119
- reaction center structure of, 121, 123
Burst-analysis, in single molecule spectroscopy, 304-306
Burst integrated fluorescence lifetime (BIFL) analysis, 305
CCaenorhabditis elegans, 45
Carbonyl carotenoids
- charge transfer state, 111, 112
- siphonaxanthin and, 111
- S 2-S 1/ICT energy gap of, 112
Carotenoid
- excited state dynamics of, 104
- peridinin, 104
- siphonaxanthin, 111
Chirped pulse amplification-system, 57
Chromophores
- binding pocket, 169
- electronic excitation of, 119
- isomerization in BR, 256, 257
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), 187, 259
Collateral thermal damage, 56
Committee on Animal Care (CAC), 18
Confocal epi-illuminated setup
continuous-wave (cw-) excitation, 286, 287
- pulsed excitation, 287-289
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), 30, 39
Continuous-wave (CW) laser, 30
Core antenna (LHl), in purple bacteria
- bacteriochlorophylls in, 96-97
- Rhodopseudomonas (Rps.) palustris, 97
CPA-system, see Chirped pules
- amplification-system Cr:Forsterite femtosecond lasers, in OCT imaging, 15-20
Cross-correlation spectroscopy, 302
DData reduction software, digitized images, 215
D 1-D 2-RC complex energy transfer femtosecond transient absorption, 156-157
- kinetic model for, 156-158
- primary charge separation and energy transfer steps, 155
- rate model for, 157 158
- secondary electron transfer step, 156-157
- species-associated difference spectra (SADS) of, 155-156
Differential equations, coupled exponential approach, 207
- general solution of, 207
- integration of, 206
Diode-pumped solid-state lasers for intrastromal surgery, 59
- Nd:glass lasers, 57 for ophthalmic surgical applications, 57
Discosoma sp., 284
Double-chirped mirror (DCM) technology, 11
Dual-color two-photon excitation technique, 298
EElectronic transfer (ET)
- between donor and acceptor molecule determination, 124
- calculation of time for, 124
- in RC of Rb. sphaeroides, 128
- perturbation theory for, 125
- superexchange and stepwise, 126 130
- theory, nonadiabatic, 130
Electron-microscopic (EM) techniques, 44
Endogenous fluorophores in fluorescence labeling, 37
properties of, 39
Endoscopic imaging and ultrahigh OCT resolution, 17-19
Energy transfer pathways, in PCP between peridinin and Chl, 108-110
- carbonyl group, effect of, 107, 110
- excitation wavelength, effect of, 109
- polarity and hydrogen bonding, effect of, 110, 111
- S 1 and S 2 states and, 108
- S 1/ICT state, role of, 109, 110
Energy transfer processes, in core antenna/RC particles 3
- PS I core of C. reinhardtii, 148
- in D 1-D 2
- RCs, PS II RCs, 155
energy transfer steps, 155
- kinetic model for, 156 158
- primary charge separation, 155
- primary donor and primary
- acceptor, 154
- secondary electron transfer step, 156-157
- species-associated difference spectra (SADS), 155-156
- transient absorption kinetics, 155
- in PS II core, 151
- in red chlorophylls (red Chls) excitation, detrapping of, 151
- excited state decay kinetics, effect on, 150- fluorescence and trapping time, effec...
- PS I core of C. reinhardtii, 148 energy equilibration in RC of, 153
- primary electron transfer, 152
- transfer-to-the-trap-limited model, 148
- ultrafast transient absorption, 147
Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein (EYFP), 305
Entacmaea quadricolor, 284
Enzyme-ligand complexes, see Reaction
- intermediates Enzymes, 203
- catalytic cycle of, 204
- chemical kinetics of, 206
- molecular state relaxation, 206
- reaction iniation of, 213-214
- X-ray pulse and laser flash duration, 213
Excimer laser and femtosecond laser, 59
Excitation annihilation, 99, 100
Excited-state intermediate (ESI), in PYP, 186
Exogenous fluorophores in fluorescence labeling, 37
- properties of, 39
FFC, see Franck-Condon-factor FEL, see Free-electron laser Femtosecond laser applicat...
- deflecting and focusing unit, 60
- laser focusing, 60
- surgical microscope and procedure, 61
Femtosecond lasers, surgical applications
focusing of, 55
- hard tissue, ablation efficiency of, 59
- in ophthalmology, 54
- laser-tissue interaction, 54
- threshold fluence, 56
Femtosecond pump-probe and OCT measurements, 11, 12
Femtosecond vibrational spectroscopy, 80
Fiber-optic two-photon microscopy, 47, 48
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), 286
- gating detection, 300-302
- one-photon excitation, 294-297
Fluorescence decays analysis, in TCSPC, 292 293
Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra, 279, 280
Fluorescence/Frster resonance energy transfer (FRET), 283
Fluorescence labeling techniques concepts for fluorescence lifetime, 281 283, 289-291...
- proteins, 284
- one-photon excitation, 279, 280
- organic chromophores, 284, 285
- quantum dots, 285, 286
- two-photon excitation, 280, 281 fluorescent protein expression in, 37
- imaging - in neuroscience, 40 43- labeling techniques in 2 PLSM, 36-40 2 PLSM, dete...
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), 43
Franck-Condon-factor, 124, 125, 130, 134
Franck-Condon state, 249, 251, 252, 255
Free-electron laser, 235
- homogenous reaction initiation, 236
- self amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), 235
GGaussian spectral distribution, 8
Glaucoma, 66
Gly based peptides, 77
Gradient-index (GRIN), 48
Green fluorescent protein (GFP), 37, 284, 304
Ground-state intermediate (GSI), 183-185
Group-velocity dispersion (GVD), 33
HHalobacterium salinarum, 246, 254, 262
Halorhodopsin (HR), alltrans -> 13 cis isomerization, 252, 254, 255
Halorhodopsin (HR) protein, 243
- functions, 246
Hard X-ray sources, design, 235-236
Harmonic overlap, 212
Heme protein, 81
Htr I and II, functions, 246
Hydrogen-out-of-plane (HOOP), 257
IICT, see Intramolecular charge transfer Image generation, OCT imaging usage, 3, 4
Infrared transient absorption, of bacteriorhodopsin, 259-262
Instrument response function (IRF), 291, 292
Inter-complex excitation transfer between B 850
- rings, 100- fitting parameters, 102 inter-ring and intra-ring annihilation, 100-103
Inter-ring annihilation, 100
- Monte carlo method, 102- population kinetics of, 101
Intersystem crossing, in one-photon excitation, 280
Intramolecular charge transfer, 104
Intramolecular vibrational relaxation (IVR), 262
Intraocular pressure (IOP) and optical nerve head, 66
Intra-ring annihilation, 100-103
IR spectroscopy
- amide I mode in, 79
- problems of, 78- 2 D-IR spectroscopy
- for vibrational transitions, 80, 83
- of trialanine, 85
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