DeutschesFachbuch.de : High-Efficient Low-Cost Photovoltaics Recent Developments

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS | öffnen

Contents
Prefacev
List of Contributorsxv
1 Milestones of Solar Conversion and Photovoltaics
V. Petrova-Koch 1
1.1 Prehistory 1
1.2 Milestones of Photovoltaics 1
2 From Extraterrestrial to Terrestrial Applications
G.F.X. Strobl, G. LaRoche, K.-D. Rasch, G. Hey 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Solar Cells for Space 8
2.3 Closer to the Limit 10
2.3.1 Material Quality 11
2.3.2 Back Surface Reflector (BSR)12
2.3.3 Back Surface Field (BSF)12
2.3.4 The Violet Cell [10]13
2.3.5 Textured Surfaces 13
2.3.6 Contacts 14
2.3.7 Bypass Function [13]14
2.3.8 Surface Passivation 14
2.3.9 Low-Intensity, Low-Temperature Operation 14
2.3.10 Solar Cell Assembly 15
2.3.11 High Efficiency Solar Cells 15
2.4 Cost Reduction Measures 21
2.4.1 Silicon Production 21
2.4.2 Bulk Material 21
2.4.3 Cell Contacts 21
2.4.4 Encapsulation 22
2.5 Concentrating Systems - A New Opportunity for High Efficiency Space Sol...
References 25
3 PV Solar Electricity: From a Niche Market to One of the Most Important ...
W. Hoffmann, L. Waldmann 29
3.1 General Overview 29
3.2 PV Solar Electricity Market History 31
3.3 Price and Competitiveness of PV Solar Electricity 33
3.4 Future Market Development 38
3.5 Technology Evolution 39
References 43
4 Advanced Solar-Grade Si Material
K. Hesse 45
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Production Pathways for Solar Silicon Feedstock 45
4.2.1 Metallurgical Grade Silicon: Carbothermic Reduction of Silica as a Sta...
4.2.2 Established Production Methods: Purification of Metallurgical Silicon vi...
46
4.2.3 Differences in Using TCS or Silane as Feedstock 47
4.2.4 Accommodation of the Processes to the PV Requirements 50
4.2.5 The Myths of the "High-Energy/High-Cost" Rating of Established Silane-B...
4.2.6 Alternative Technologies for the Production of Solar-Grade Feedstock: P...
4.2.7 Alternative Vapor-Phase Deposition Technologies?53
4.2.8 Time to Market 53
4.3 Summary 53
References 54
5 EFG Ribbon Technology
I.A. Schwirtlich 55
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 EFG process 55
6 A Novel High-Efficiency Rear-Contact Solar Cell with Bifacial Sensitivity 6...
R. Hezel 65
6.1 Introduction 65
6.2 Structure of the Bifacial Rear-Contact Solar Cell 67
6.3 High-Efficiency and Low-Cost Production Features 68
6.4 Inherent Passivation of the Base Contacts 69
6.5 Processing Sequence 70
6.6 Production Technology 71
6.6.1 Back-Surface Grooving 71
6.6.2 Metallization by Oblique Evaporation 72
6.6.3 Surface Passivation by PECVD Silicon Nitride 75
6.6.4 Interconnection Technology Based on Conductive Adhesives 80
6.7 Cell Results 81
6.8 Efficiency Perspectives 82
[weiter lesen]

REGISTER | öffnen

Index
Aabsorber 178, 179, 181
absorber temperature 178
absorption 213
absorption spectra 201
absorptivity 202
aesthetic 183, 186, 188, 190
AlAs-GaAs 102
AlGaAs 102
AlGaAs/GaAs solar cells 103
"all-glass" module design 127
amorphous silicon 39
amorphous solar cell 3
antireflection and passivation layer 3
antireflective coatings 161, 162
Bback surface field 12
back surface reflectors 12
band gap 160, 161, 167, 197, 218
band pass mirror 163, 167, 171, 172
benzothiadiazole 201
bifacial 66-68, 70, 71, 82, 85-91
bithiophene 202
building-integrated PV 38
buried contact 95, 98, 99
Cc-Si 65, 66, 68, 75, 77, 83-85, 90, 95, 97
C 60 195
carbon dioxide emission 31
carrier mobility 201
cell producers 120
CHCl 3 207
chemical vapor deposition 17
clean electricity 37
collector stack 162, 163, 171, 172
concentrate the solar radiation 1
concentrated sunlight 105
concentrator III-V PV 5
concentrator lens-cell system with radically reduced size 4
concentrator photovoltaic systems (CPV) 23
concentrator PV installation 122
conjugated polymers 195
consumer 31
conversion of the monochromatic radiation 130
cost competitive 34
cost effectiveness 30
coverglass 15
crystalline wafer silicon technology 39
customer needs 31
cyclopenta 202
CZ single-crystal growth 21
Ddark current 198
daylighting 175
decentralized power 39
differentiated tariff 34
diffuse light 160, 166
diode 212
dithiophene 202
donor/acceptor 204
double heterostructure 3
dye 178, 179, 180
dye molecule 159, 160
dye-sensitized electrochemical solar cell 4
Eefficiencies 219
EFG 55-62
EFG-tube 58
electron percolation 209
electron-hole pairs 195
energy losses 219
energy supply for satellites 29
epitaxial growth 101
EQE 197
EQE and FF 199
eurelectric 36
European Commission 31
evaporation process 21
experience factor 35
Ffeed-in law 4 feed-in tariff 29
FET 205 field-driven 199
fill factor 197
first solar cell 2
flat-panel display technology 40 fluorescent collector for solar applications fossil ...
Fresnel lens 23, 122
GGaAs 8
GaAs-based solar cells 103
GaAs/Ge 105
GaAsP 102
Galn-As/InP 105
Galn-P/GaAs/Ge multijunction solar cells 105
Galn-P/Galn-As 105
Galn-P/Galn-As/Ge 105
gallium arsenide 102
GaSb cells 115
Ge-GaAs 102
German PV market 32
germanium substrates 105
graded-band heterostructure 102
greenhouses 1, 175
Hheterostructure solar cell 3
heterostructures 101
high efficiency application 31
high-efficiency 66-69, 72, 75, 79, 82, 84, 85, 91, 95, 96, 98
HIT 95, 97, 98
HIT c-Si/a-Si:H PV cells 4
HOMO/LUMO 200
hot carrier cells 131
Iideal factor 198
illuminated I-V curves 118
InGaAsP 103
InP-based cells 105
integrated product flow 49
interconnectors 15
internal Bragg reflector 105
internalization of external costs 35
isoline 217
IT 0 211
KKANO 184, 185
Llamellar 205
laser grooved c-Si solar cell 4 lens optical efficiency 125
Li-doped Si solar cells 2
liberalized utility market 33
lifetime 205
light harvesting 201
liquid-phase epitaxial growth 102
liquid-phase-epitaxy (LPE) 103
local back surface field 14
low bandgap donors 196
low-intensity 14
low-temperature 14
LuCo 177-180
luminescent solar concentrator 159
Mmarket support programs 29, 31
matrix 179-181
mechanically stacked tandems 105
metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) 104
metallurgical grade silicon 45
metamorphic solar cells 116
microfinance 39
mobility 205, 208
MOCVD 17
monocrystalline 39
monolithic dual-junction 110
monolithic tandem cells 109
monosilane 47
morphology 209, 211
multicrystalline 39
multijunction solar cells 16
multiple electron-hole pair cells 131
Nnear infrared 178, 181
nonimaging optics 159
OoDCB 207
OECO technology 66-74, 76, 78, 80-86, 90, 91
off-grid applications 38
off-grid industrial 31
off-grid residential 31
off-normal curve 126
on-grid 31
one-junction solar cell 3
open circuit voltage 197
organic dyes 173, 175
overall conversion efficiency 127
P π -stacking 205
P 3 HT 205, 216
passivation 66-71, 75-82
PC 71 BM 213
PCPDT-BT 204, 216
peak power 33
PEDOT 211
photocells with a graded bandgap 130
photoconductivity 1, 204
photocurrent 199
photoluminescence 210
photosensitivity 2
photovoltaic effect 1
plasma silicon nitride 3
PMMA 180
pn-junction 198
point-contact 95, 96
poly-3-hexyl-thiophene/PCBM 198
poly-Si 2
polycarbonate 180
polycrystalline silicon 48
polycrystalline solar cell 3
polysilicon 47
price experience curve 35
public awareness 30
purification 45
Qquantum dot (QD) heterostructures 131
quantum dots 173, 175
quantum efficiency 163, 172
Rradiation recirculation 129
recombination 212, 213
reflective solar concentrators 3
reverse bias 212
ribbon silicon 39
roll-to-roll manufacturing 195
rooftop applications 38
rural applications 38
SS-nitride 66
satellites 7
screen printing 21
second-order recombination 214
[weiter lesen]