DeutschesFachbuch.de : Introduction to English Linguistics Von Markus Bieswanger, Annette Becker

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Contents
Preface.VIII
1 Introduction. 1
1.1 What is Linguistics?2
1.2 Branches of Linguistics. 2
1.3 Central Concepts of Linguistics. 4
1.4 Bibliography. 9
2 A Brief History of English. 11
2.1 The Linguistic History of English. 12
2.1.1 Old English (c 450-c 1150).13
2.1.2 Middle English (c 1150-c 1500).20
2.1.3 Early Modern English (c 1500-c 1700).24
2.1.4 Modern English (c 1700-present).28
2.2 English Around the World. 30
2.3 English in the 21 st Century. 34
2.4 Exercises. 36
2.5 Bibliography. 37
3 Phonetics and Phonology. 39
3.1 Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds. 40
3.1.1 Speech Sound Production. 41
3.1.2 Description and Classification of Consonants and Vowels 43
3.1.3 Phonetic Transcription. 50
3.2 Phonology: The Function and Patterning of Sounds. 58
3.2.1 Segmental Phonology. 59
3.2.2 Suprasegmental Phonology. 64
3.2.3 Connected Speech. 68
3.3 Exercises. 70
3.4 Bibliography. 73
4 Morphology. 75
4.1 Morphology and Grammar. 76
4.2 Morphemes and Allomorphs. 85
4.3 Morphological Processes. 86
4.3.1 Inflection. 86
4.3.2 Word Formation. 88
4.4 Exercises. 95
4.5 Bibliography. 97
5 Syntax. 99
5.1 Syntax and Grammar. 100
5.2 Syntactic Categories and Elements. 102
5.3 Phrasal Categories. 106
5.3.1 The X Bar Schema. 113
5.3.2 The Merge Operation in Phrases. 119
5.4 Building Sentences. 122
5.4.1 The Merge Operation in Sentences. 122
5.4.2 The Move Operation. 125
5.5 Thematic Roles. 128
5.6 Exercises. 132
5.7 Bibliography. 134
6 Semantics. 137
6.1 The Study of Meaning. 138
6.2 Lexical Semantics. 138
6.2.1 Meaning Relations Among Words. 139
6.2.2 Word Meaning. 145
6.2.3 Conceptualisation and Categorisation. 148
6.3 Sentence Meaning. 151
6.3.1 Meaning Relations Among Sentences. 151
6.3.2 Sentence Interpretations. 154
6.4 Exercises. 158
6.5 Bibliography. 159
7 Pragmatics. 161
7.1 What Does Pragmatics Do?162
7.2 Deixis. 163
7.2.1 Person Deixis. 164
7.2.2 Place Deixis. 166
7.2.3 Time Deixis. 167
7.3 The Cooperative Principle. 168
7.4 Speech Acts. 170
7.5 Conversation Analysis. 174
7.6 Exercises. 176
7.7 Bibliography. 179
8 Sociolinguistics. 181
8.1 The Subject Matter. 182
8.2 Language Variation. 183
8.2.1 Geographical Differentiation of Language. 188
8.2.2 Social Differentiation of Language. 191
8.3 Language and Gender. 195
8.4 Exercises. 203
8.5 Bibliography. 204
9 Appendix. 207
9.1 Answers. 207
9.2 Index. 222
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Index
3 rd person singular present indicative -s 29, 87
A
ablaut 20
abstract argument 131
abstract noun 89
accent 184 f, 187 f, 193
accommodation 188
accusative 19
acoustic phonetics 40
acronym 95
active 79
adjacency pair 175 f
adjective 20, 23, 78 f, 84, 87, 89-93, 102-104, 111-113
adjective phrase 116 f, 119, 121, 125
adjunct 116-121, 125 f
adjunction 117-119
adverb 102, 104-106
adverb phrase 109
adverbial 105, 109, 125
Aelfric 18
affix 81-84, 86, 88, 90, 95
affricate 45 f, 54
African American Vernacular English (AAVE) 194 f
age 184, 191 f
agent 128-131
agentive noun 89
Alfred the Great 18
allomorph 85 f
allophone 59, 61-63
alphabetism 95
alveolar 42-44, 52, 60, 62-64, 69
alveolar ridge 42, 44
ambiguous 143, 155 f
analytic language 19, 22, 30
androcentric 198
Angles 13, 15 f
Anglian 15
Anglo-Saxon 12, 18
anthropological linguistics 3
antonym 139-141, 146, 153
antonymy 139-141, 144, 153
applied linguistics 4
approximant 43, 46 f, 52 f, 60, 63
arbitrariness 6, 7
argument 128 f, 131 f
argument structure 128
articulator 40, 42-46, 57
articulatory phonetics 40 f, 51
assertive 172-174
assimilation 68-70
asymmetrical gender marking 198 f, 202
attitude 191
auditory phonetics 40 f
Austin, John L. 170
B
back 42 f, 49, 55 f
back of the tongue 45, 57, 60
back-formation 94 f
base 83-85, 88, 90
Bede 15, 18
Beowulf 18
bilabial 44 f, 47, 52, 62, 69
binarity 117
binary 116 f, 119, 121
biolinguistics 3
blade of the tongue 42
blend 94
blending 94
body of the tongue 42
borrowing 12 f, 18, 26 f
bound morpheme 81-84
branch 116 f, 119, 121
branches of linguistics 2, 3, 4
Bühler, Karl 7
C
cardinal vowel 48 f, 54
case 19, 20, 23, 27, 29
categorisation 148 f
Caxton, William 13, 24
Celtic 13-16, 18, 30
Celts 13 f, 16
central 47-49, 55 f
centring diphthong 57 f
Chomsky, Noam 8, 100 f
circumfix 84
citation form 68
classification of consonants 43, 47
classification of vowels 43, 47
clause 99 f, 102, 105, 107, 109, 131 f
clear/ 60 f, 63
clinical linguistics 3
clipping 94 f
closed class 79
closed syllable 65
closeness 47 f, 54
closing diphthong 57 f
coda 65
cognitive semantics 149 f
coinage 95
colonisation 13, 30 f
commissive 172
communicative isolation 189
comparative 104
comparative -er 29, 87
competence 8, 100 f
complement 105, 109, 114-116, 119 f, 123-125, 130
complementary antonymy 140
complementary distribution 61 f
complementary pair 140 f
componential analysis 148
compound 76, 78, 80 f, 91-93
compounding 86, 88, 91, 93 f
computational linguistics 3
concept 6 f
conceptual category 149
conceptualisation 148 f
conjunction 79, 93, 121
conjunction test 93
connected speech 68 f
connotation 146, 148
consonant 20, 24, 27, 43-47, 51-54, 58-61, 63, 65 f, 85
consonant chart 52 f
consonant cluster 66
constituent 106-110, 113, 116 f, 119, 121
constituent test 107 f
content word 76 f, 79 f, 82 f
context renewing 162
context shaped 162
contradiction 153 f
contrastive 63
conversation analysis 174 f
conversational implicature 169
conversion 90
Cooperative Principle 168
coordination schema 121 f
coordination test 108
core branches of linguistics 2 f
corpus linguistics 4
covert prestige 197
creole 183
cross-cultural pragmatics 162
D
dark/ 60 f, 63
dative 19
declaration 172 f
declarative sentence 101, 104, 106, 125-127, 170, 173 f
declensions 19, 23
deictic centre 163-167
deictic expression 163 f
deictic projection 164
deixis 163-167
deletion test 109
demonstrative pronoun 20
denotation 146, 148
dental 43 f, 52
derivation 86, 88, 90, 94
derivational affix 82 f
derivational prefix 88
derivational process 88, 90
derivational suffix 83, 89
description of consonants 43-47, 52, 54
description of vowels 43, 47-50, 54, 56
descriptive 5
determiner 103 f, 110-112, 115, 119
diachronic 5, 12
diachrony 5
diacritic 58, 62 f, 65
dialect 15 f, 18, 21, 35, 184-192
dialect area 189 f
dialect boundary 189
dialect chain 185
dialect continuum 185 f
dialectology 182, 189, 191
dictionary 76 f
diphthong 57 f
diphthong phoneme 60
direct speech act 173 f
directional opposites 141
directive 172-174
discourse deixis 163 f
dispreference 176
dispreference marker 176
dispreferred 175 f
distal term 166
distinctive feature 63 f
distribution 61-63, 102-104
do-insertion 127
Dutch 17, 26
E
Early Modern English (EModE) 12 f, 24-29
egressive 42 f
electronic communication 36
elision 68 f
empty category 123, 131
endocentric compound 92 f
England 13-16, 20 f, 24, 28, 30 f
English 11-36
English as a global language 13, 34-36
entailment 152-154, 157
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