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Contents
Preface 1
Introduction 9
MODULE I: Organizing ideas into text 17
Introduction 17
Chapter 1: The term paper: gearing up to start writing 19
1.1 The term paper as an argued text 19
1.2 The three processes of planning, writing proper and editing 21
1.3 Making the plan 22
1.4 Using a computer 27
1.5 Conclusion 33
Chapter 2: Different types of term paper: Two models 34
2.1 Term paper as essay or as mini-article 34
2.2 Quotation and paraphrase 35
2.3 The literary essay ,41
2.4 The linguistic mini-article 47
Chapter 3: Title, Introduction, Body and Conclusion 57
3.1 The Title 57
3.2 The Introduction 59
3.3 The Body sections 62
3.4 Paragraphs within the Body sections 64
3.5 The Conclusion 71
Chapter 4: Getting the paper ready for submission: Editing and formatting 7...
4.1 Editing 75
4.2 Formal requirements 78
4.3 Bibliography 80
MODULE II: Building effective sentences 83
Introduction 83
Chapter 1: Basic issues in sentence construction 85
1.1 Sentence construction 85
1.2 Information packaging 89
1.3 Sentencing 92
1.4 Overview 96
Chapter 2: Information packaging 98
2.1 Basic grammatical moulds 99
2.2 The order of information in the clause 103
2.2.1 The front of the clause 103
2.2.2 The end of the clause 105
2.2.3 Fitting the sentence into the running text 107
2.3 Organizing the starting point 109
2.3.1 Clauses with passive verb forms 109
2.3.2 Fronting 111
2.3.3 It-clefts 112
2.3.4 Pseudo-clefts 117
2.3.5 The th-wh construction 120
2.3.6 Non-agent subjects 122
2.4 Establishing a special kind of starting point: framing 125
2.4.1 Circumstantial adverbials 126
2.4.2 Conjunctive adverbials 127
2.4.3 Stance adverbials 127
2.5 Organizing the end point 129
2.5.1 Extraposition 129
2.5.2 Discontinuous structures 130
2.5.3 Dative shift 131
2.5.4 Object postponement 132
2.5.5 Presentatives 134
2.6 What goes wrong in clause construction 137
2.6.1 Frontal overload 137
2.6.2 Bad textual fit 139
2.6.3 Unclear focus signalling 140
2.7 Overview 142
Chapter 3: Complex sentences 143
3.1 Different kinds of sentence 144
3.1.1 Sentence complexity 144
3.1.2 Sentence shapes 146
3.2 Clause combining: the basic forms 148
3.2.1 Adverbial clauses 149
3.2.2 Non-restrictive relative clauses 150
3.2.3 Non-finite clauses 152
3.2.4 Verbless clauses 155
3.2.5 Appositions 156
3.2.6 Other structures 157
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Index
AAbstraction 392, 395, 441
Academic style 5, 9, 13, 231, 389393, 396, 402, 409, 440
Academic writing 1-3, 5, 6, 14, 31, 33, 35, 36, 70, 83, 87, 88, 93, 110, 112, 125, 13...
Adjective 57, 118, 128, 135, 155, 192, 193, 219, 226-229, 235, 237, 240, 242, 243, 24...
Adverbial 98, 99, 121, 125-128, 132, 133, 142, 162-164, 171, 173, 199, 200, 213, 221,...
Adverbial clause 92, 125, 148, 149, 152-156, 158, 159, 176, 193-195, 198, 215, 435
Antithesis 418, 444
Antonym 431
Apposition 36, 145, 156, 159, 164, 174, 175, 190, 191, 194, 210-212, 301, 425, 426, 4...
Aptness 408-410, 412
Archaism 252, 268, 442
Argued text 19-21, 25, 38, 43, 47, 58, 61, 66, 71, 96, 190, 203, 206, 294, 449
Argument 9-11, 20, 23, 26, 35-37, 42, 48, 60-65, 67-74, 77, 80, 88 f 94-96, 112, 120,...
BBackgrounding 84, 96, 104, 126, 143, 160-162, 166, 167, 174-176, 182-186, 209, 215
Bibliography (see also References)31, 34, 43, 46, 80
Body section 25, 48, 59, 60, 62, 63, 72-74, 77
Bracket 39, 40, 45, 49, 50, 53, 54, 186, 209-212, 215, 301, 324
CCircumlocution 249, 293, 403
Circumstantial 125, 155, 171, 199, 200, 215, 238, 410
Clarity 4, 13, 59, 77, 91, 96, 140, 141, 150, 154, 161, 162, 166, 182, 184, 187, 198,...
Clause combining (see also sentence construction) 96, 143-145, 150, 152, 157, 159-162...
Cleft construction 113-117, 119122, 129, 135, 136, 138, 142, 240, 435, 439
Climax sentence 65-70, 90, 182
Coherence 20, 63, 65, 70, 71, 84, 87, 91, 102, 106, 111, 125, 139, 160, 194, 196, 214
Collocation 6, 12, 30, 47, 78, 98, 222, 223, 226, 242, 246, 263, 269, 272-288, 290, 2...
Colloquialism 270, 275, 276, 398, 405-407
Collusion 32
Colon 39, 45, 50, 52, 55, 58, 92, 156, 186, 187, 201-205, 207, 208, 211, 212, 215, 31...
Comma 40, 44-46, 51, 52, 92, 95, 127, 150, 170, 186, 188-201, 203, 205, 207, 209-215,...
Comma splice 187, 212, 213
Comparison (see also contrast) 23, 112, 158, 159, 316, 320, 327-330, 332-224, 336-340...
Compound word 227, 235-237, 240, 245, 247, 249, 375, 414, 424
Concession 13, 149, 351, 352, 357-359, 363
Concision 62, 94, 156, 157, 236, 397, 399, 405, 408, 422, 424, 426, 428
Conclusion (= final section) 5, 17, 26, 27, 34, 42, 47, 48, 57, 59, 60, 62-65, 71-74,...
Concordance 30, 279
Consequence 160, 197, 382
Construction 2, 9, 11, 15, 24, 28, 83-85, 89, 91, 95, 96, 98, 99, 105, 107, 109, 113-...
Contrast (see also Comparison) 95, 107, 111, 112, 115, 116, 127, 133, 147-149, 165, 1...
Coordination 95, 144, 145, 158, 159, 166, 167, 170, 196-198, 316, 433
Corpus 2, 30, 36, 47, 48, 87, 165, 166, 231, 253, 266, 276, 413, 450
DDash 186, 209-212, 215
Dative shift 131
Dictionary 12, 14, 15, 28, 29, 220, 222, 225, 226, 236, 241, 246, 252, 258, 263, 265-...
Discontinuous structure 130, 131, 138, 240, 415
EEditing 18, 19, 21-23, 27, 29, 33, 74-78, 205, 213, 449
Elaboration (1) 65-71, 78, 90
Elaboration (2) 96, 136, 146, 148, 159, 175, 177-180, 195, 208
Elegance 37, 92, 95, 96, 128, 132, 176, 187, 205, 208, 391, 396, 408, 416, 439-445
Ellipsis 323, 333, 367, 403, 422, 425, 427, 428, 439, 443, 444
Embedded clause 86, 90, 107, 128, 144, 150, 170, 189, 190, 193, 443
End focus 105-107, 131, 141, 240
Enumeration 66, 68, 69, 311, 312, 320, 321, 328, 438
Essay 13, 14, 17, 34, 35, 41, 43, 44, 46, 59, 61, 63, 68
Exemplification 68, 167, 181, 284-286, 321, 322, 326, 419
Extraposition 129, 130
FFigures of speech 404
Figures of style 443
Focus 107, 116, 129-131, 138142, 147, 168, 194-196, 414, 416, 432, 436
Footnote 34, 40, 53, 44, 46, 79, 320, 390
Foregrounded information 160-162, 167, 172, 175, 184, 186, 304
Formality 5, 20, 78, 96, 132, 153, 155, 197, 203, 270, 271, 278, 355, 370, 372, 390, ...
Format 18, 34, 75, 80
Forward dynamics 63-65, 72, 445, 450
Framing 107, 125, 126, 133, 137, 138, 141, 146-148, 157-159, 163, 166-170, 173, 175, ...
Fronting 111, 112, 142, 417, 418
Frontal overload 130, 137-139
Full stop 38, 46, 51-53, 55, 86, 187, 202, 204, 205, 213
GGiven information 89, 104, 116, 120, 130, 173
Grammatical metaphor 398, 410
Grounding 103, 104, 164-168, 175
HHead 130, 177, 178, 228, 236, 245, 427
Hypernym 431
Hyponym 431
IImpersonal expression 231, 233, 293, 306, 390, 391, 399, 401, 403
Independent clause 86, 127, 144, 157, 171, 178, 197, 202, 203, 206, 213, 215, 433, 43...
Information packaging 83, 85, 89, 90, 98
Internet 2, 14, 15, 24, 28-32, 206, 266, 269, 271, 276
Interruption 146-148, 157, 159, 162, 168-176, 179, 180, 185, 191, 210, 214, 215, 435,...
Introduction 10, 11, 17, 26, 27, 33, 34, 42, 47, 48, 57, 59-62, 64, 65, 72, 77, 79, 2...
MMain clause 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 95, 96, 99, 125, 128, 129, 139, 143, 145-148, 157-15...
Message 89, 91, 95, 97, 98, 101104, 107, 125, 135, 142, 179, 182, 185, 202, 214
Metaphor 307, 392, 404, 410, 413, 441, 442
NNew information 11, 89, 104-106, 108, 109, 117, 120, 130, 131, 138, 172, 173, 176, 1...
Nominal construction 234, 239, 396-398
Nominalization 2, 227, 228, 231, 233-235, 397, 423
Non-finite clause 95, 96, 148, 152, 153, 158, 176, 185
Non-restrictive clause 145, 150, 152, 156, 159, 174, 176, 185, 190, 191, 205, 212
OObject postponement 132, 133, 416
Opinion 38, 72, 88, 128, 147, 305, 306
PParagraph organization 10, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 27, 29, 57, 60-62, 6474, 77, 79, 83, ...
Parallelism 106, 111, 115, 210, 418-421, 443-445
Paraphrase 14, 17, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 49, 50, 77, 128, 129, 293, 297, 298, 3...
Participle 125, 144, 152, 155, 229, 235, 237, 238, 247, 248, 250, 278, 280, 300, 301,...
Passive voice 28, 89, 91, 108-111, 136, 137, 139, 142, 222, 240, 259, 290, 300, 384, ...
Personal style 76, 389-392, 403, 408, 440
Perspective 23, 25-27, 74
Phrasal verb 394, 395
Plagiarism 24, 32, 38, 438
Planning 6, 11, 14, 17, 19, 21-23, 25-27, 29, 33, 63, 71, 76, 96, 449
Presentative construction 11, 133, 134, 136, 142, 178, 205, 392, 418
Primary literature 41, 43
Prominence 25, 93, 96, 129, 133, 140, 174, 209, 392, 418, 435
Punctuation 44, 78, 83, 92, 127, 144, 150, 186-194, 196, 197, 199, 208, 210, 212, 214...
QQuotation 17, 42-46, 49, 50, 5255, 77, 201, 203, 215, 302-305
RReason, 31, 32, 34-40, 126, 149, 155, 159, 261, 313, 329, 366-368, 370
References (see also Bibliography) 31, 34, 35, 42, 44, 46-50, 52, 80
Register 406, 410
Relational verb 384, 396, 403, 423
Relative 150-152
Relative clause 86, 90, 92, 95, 96, 115, 131, 141, 144, 150-152, 164, 165, 171, 173, ...
Reporting 293, 297, 298, 300, 302-304
Rhetorical move 204, 280, 284
Rhetorical device 210
Rhetorical effect 132, 438, 440
Rhythm 92, 96, 173, 175, 180, 186, 436, 437, 443, 445
SSecondary literature 40, 41-43, 61, 62
Semantic feature 269, 277, 279, 280
Semicolon 92, 140, 159, 186, 187, 205-208, 211, 212, 215
Sentence construction 12, 85, 143, 160, 179, 180, 207
Sentence length 162, 180, 185, 429, 436, 439
Sentencing 85, 92, 96
Simile 404, 442
Stereotyped expression 6, 438
Stylistic competence 389, 390, 392, 393
Stylistic variant 393, 407, 432, 438
Subordinate clause 86, 87, 90, 92, 95, 143, 145, 146, 149, 157, 162, 164, 170, 171, 1...
Summarizing 24, 32, 43, 49, 72, 74, 182, 210, 293, 295, 297, 299, 300, 302
Supersession 2
Support (see also Backgrounding)92, 143, 145, 180, 184, 196, 206, 366, 445
Synonym 28, 223, 231, 265, 276, 297, 301, 394, 407, 409, 431, 432
TTechnical term 209, 215, 233, 249, 302, 304, 390, 394, 402, 403, 410, 413
Theme 104-106, 122, 432
Thesis statement 62, 63, 77
Title 11, 17, 26, 57-59, 61, 72, 78, 79, 412
Topic 14, 23, 58, 60, 61, 115, 116, 120, 133, 165, 166, 171, 278, 289-292, 299, 311, ...
Topic sentence 20, 65-71, 77, 94, 161, 182, 420, 445
Transferred epithet 405, 407
VVariety 98, 125, 279, 391, 394, 404, 408, 429, 431-435, 438, 439
Verbless clause 155, 158, 159, 185
WWh-clause 118-120, 234, 258, 397
Word-processing 19, 27-29, 44, 80
Writing proper 19, 21, 22, 27, 29, 76, 449
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