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Contents
List of Illustrations vii
Acknowledgements ix
Notes on Transliteration xi
Glossary xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Soviet policy towards Islam in Central Asia 3
1.2 Soviet scholarly research on Islam 7
1.3 Western perspectives on Islam in the Soviet Union 9
1.4 About this book 13
2 Islam and politics in Uzbekistan 19
2.1 Islam under glasnost - the delayed liberalisation 20
2.2 The return of Islam to public life 22
2.3 Nationalism without socialism 26
2.4 Islam as national heritage 30
2.5 The new official Islam 33
2.6 Combating religious 'extremism' 35
3 Khorezm - a province and its people 39
3.1 Historical overview 40
3.2 Reviving the past 44
3.3 Xorazmcha - the language of Khorezm 48
3.4 The population 49
3.5 Domestic life - change and continuity 59
4 The religious situation - past and present 67
4.1 Remembering the Soviet past 68
4.2 The new vitality of Islam 73
4.3 Islam retreating - the 'Wahhabi' shock 76
4.4 Islam versus Muslimness? 83
5 The main contours of religious life 87
5.1 Upholding the Islamic prescriptions 88
5.2 Life-cycle celebrations 99
5.3 Mourning and memorial celebrations 119
5.4 Remembering the dead in everyday life 123
6 Dealing with the supernatural 129
6.1 The evil eye 129
6.2 Spirits 136
6.3 Magic 139
6.4 Divination 145
7 Saints, shrines and pilgrimage 153
7.1 The rehabilitation of saint worship 156
7.2 Local saints and shrines 158
7.3 Ziyorat - motivations and aspirations 164
7.4 Ziyorat - practices observed 168
7.5 Contested meanings, contested resources - the case of Ulli Pir 171
7.6 Shrines as healing sites - the case of a new saint 180
8 Religious Healing 187
8.1 'Backward' healing versus modern medicine - Soviet health policy 189
8.2 Post-Soviet developments in the domain of health care 190
8.3 Categories of healers 194
8.4 Healing rituals 199
8.5 How to become a healer - modes of legitimacy 209
8.6 The reputation of healers 220
9 Conclusion 225
Bibliography 231
Index 245
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Index
AAbashin, S. 55 n, 116 n Abdullayeva, R. 21, 22
Adolat 35
Afghanistan 20, 33, 76, 126, 133 n, 167
agency 219
Akiner, Sh. 3 n, 5, 10, 11, 22 n, 25, 30, 56
al-Biruni, A. 45-6 alphabet; Aramaic 40;
- Cyrillic 23;
- Latin 23
al-Kharazmi, M. 45-6
Amu Darya 14, 39, 43, 198
amulet 4, 7, 131-3, 136, 140, 148, 188, 217
ancestor cult 126
Anderson, J. 3 n, 7, 20, 21, 22 n Andijon 37, 82, 83, 226
apprenticeship 219, 220
Arab(s) 4, 6, 12, 22, 23, 39, 41, 93 n, 131 n, 136
Asad, T. 34
atheist/ atheism 2, 3, 10, 12, 71, 172, 188, 193, 227
Atkin, M. 6
Avesta 45, 136 n, 137, 208, 223
avliyo 18, 160, 166-7, 185, 186, see also saints Azerbaijan 72 n, 84 n, 160 n
Azimova,N. 100, 101
BBabadzhanov, B. 13, 21, 25 n, 34, 155 157, 199 n baraka 154, 168, 206, 207
Barthold, W. 42
Basilov, V. 7, 8, 8 n, 54 n, 58 n, 136 n, 137 n, 138 n, 146 n, 155, 196, 198-200, 204...
Beller-Hann, I. 12, 92, 95, 96, 102, 125-7, 129, 131, 142, 150, 170, 197-200, 204
Bennigsen, A. 10, 204
beshik to 'y 102, 106, see also cradle ceremony biotok 168, 196, 210, 211
blessing 19, 84 n, 87, 95, 96, 102, 104, 108, 109, 124-6, 151, 168, 175, 177, 179, 21...
Bolshevik(s) 3, 40, 43, 55, 189
border regime 44
Brege-LY. 39, 43, 51, 52 n, 226
Brezhnev, N. 21, 99
bride price 3, 7, 21, 106, 114
Bukhara 4, 12, 25 n, 48, 55 n, 56, 59, 71, 72, 83, 91, 95, 149, 150, 157, 176, 226
Cchilla 102, 1 19 n, 132, 132 n, 200
chillahona 171, 171 n, 174, 215
Central Asia 2-15, 18-35, 38-42, 4855, 55 n, 58, 59, 73, 85, 85 n, 87, 97-9, 123, 123...
Central Asian Republics 11, 26, 27
circumcision 6, 17, 54, 64, 64 n, 67, 70, 84, 99-105, 114, 120, 122, 189, see also su...
Communist(s) 21, 56, 62, 68, 71, 73, 98, 122, 226
Communist Party; of Uzbekistan 5, 7, 20, 21, 23, 26, 35, 92
cotton 43, 108, 146, 169, 190, 192, 192 n, 201, 202
cradle ceremony 102, 106, 114
customary practices 3, 11, 13, 15, 35, 83-6, 92, 228
DDay of Judgment 159
death 17, 57, 61, 65, 67, 84, 99, 100, 103, 115-7, 119-25, 154, 157, 176, 201, 212, 2...
DeWeese, D. 4 n, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 154
divination 83, 145-52, 195, 196, 210, 217, 223, 228, 229
divine power 150, 185, 187, 196, 210
diviner(s) 80, 134, 143, 145-52, 179, 193, 194, 196, 210, 217, 221, 222
domestic rituals 17, 40, 83, 126
Doumato, E. 140, 142, 188
dovo 140-6 dream 124, 145, 146, 149, 158, 166, 181, 182, 186, 214-20, 222
dress-code 66
duo 140, 141, 146, 147, 168, 169, 194, 195, 221
duoxon 140, 141, 194
EEgypt 9, 56, 136 n, 137 n, 142, 215
Eickelman, D. 86
Ellen, R. 12, 15, 96, 152
Erk party 48
eshon 55, 55 n, 59, 59 n, 69, 71, 91, 136 n, 146
evil eye 7, 17, 102, 104, 109, 129-35, 139, 140, 146, 180, 187, 201
Ffatwa 34, 100, 100 n, 155
Fierman, W. 21, 22
Firshtein, L.A. 7, 131
fitir 89-90
folbin 8, 141, 146-51, 186, 187, 194201, 204, 205, 208-15, 217-22, 229
Fragner, B. 27 n, 28, 30
fumigation 131-5 funeral 21, 67, 70, 70 n, 114-6, 119, see alsojanoza
Ggalin 61-4, 94, 109, 110, 111, 113, 148
gender 11, 16, 59, 61-4, 73, 120, 130, 142, 198, 199
Genghis Khan 41, 45
Ghijduvani, A. 157
Gilani, A. 149, 160, 171, 172, 174, 203
glasnost 20-2, 22 n, 26, 30, 70, 227
Gorbachev, M. 20, 21, 26
Gurlan 51, 51 n, 53, 107 n
Hhadith 103, 124, 126, 130, 136, 137, 151, 165, 194, 229
haj 80, 88, 97, 159, 164, 167
Hall, D. 16
Hamadani, Y. 18, 160, 167, 171-4, 176
Hanafi; doctrine 35;
- school of law 34
Hanbali; school of law 140
Hanks, R. 7, 21, 38, 156, 164, 181
healer(s); credibility of 205;
- Qur'anic 55;
- reputation of 148, 220-1
healing; extra-sensory 198;
- by laying on of hands 148, 185, 194, 196, 210, 213, 214, 217;
- with the Qur'an 215;
- with spirits 4, 7, 181, 188, 196, 198, 199, 205, 214, 220. 222
healing power 140 n, 166, 181, 182, 185, 194, 211, 213, 214, 223;
- inheritance of 213, 214 n
healing rituals 139, 184-6, 199-208
healthcare 18, 188-92
history; of Khorezm 40 n, 45;
- Uzbek national 22 n, 28, 44, 47;
- strategic use of 28
Holy, L. 16, 86
holy sites 6, 7, 14, 23, 56, 73, 81, 88, 90, 92, 108, 145, 149, 154-6, 15964, 166, 17...
Honqa 49, 51, 125 n, 162, 181
IIbn Battuta 41, 42
Ibn Taymiyyah 155
identity; cultural 172, 193, 227;
- ethnic 30, 89, 99;
- Muslim 6, 11, 83, 87, 93, 99, 228;
- national 11, 16, 22 n, 25, 85, 174
ideology; Marxist 28;
- of national independence 29, 31, 91;
- socialist 54
idolatry 167, 222
iftar 96, 97, 228
independence 14, 16, 18, 22-6, 29-32, 34 n, 35, 37, 44-7, 49, 56, 63, 66, 68, 74, 76,...
inhumation 116
issiq-sovuq 141-3
issiqlik 141-4
Islam; government-approved 7, 9, 18, 157, 167;
- local 25, 35, 157, 185;
- as national heritage 30;
- official 46, 10, 33;
- orthodox 7, 10, 34, 71, 85, 130 n, 151, 194, 229;
- parallel 7, 10;
- popular 7, 10, 15, 16, 229;
- reassertion of 14, 22, 225, 227;
- the Uzbek regime's discourse on 16, 72, 81, 226
Islamic; history 160, 218;
institutions 25;
- missionaries 24, 74, 75, 81, 86, 230;
- pre-Islamic 7-9, 17, 18, 31, 40, 72, 117, 121, 126, 127, 129, 136, 154, 155, 229;
- propaganda 101;
- rituals 22, 34 n, 67, 71, 84,
- scholar(s) 44, 46, 140;
- world 41, 55, 123, 126, 130, 139 n, 174, 229
Islamists 37, 78, 80
isvant 131-5, 147, 195
JJadidism, Jadids 4, 23, 43, 155 n
janoza 67, 68, 114, 116, 207, see also funeral
KKandiyoti, D. 100, 101
Karimov, I. 28-35, 38, 45-7, 85, 93, 97, 100, 122, 123, 156, 157, 176
karomat 57, 69, 161, 185
Kazakhs 13, 83, 88 n, 114, 150 n
Kazakhstan 4, 13, 25 n, 27, 30, 33, 57, 93, 98, 105, 150, 164, 188-90, 193, 210, 212,...
Keller, Sh. 3, 7
Khalid, A. 3 n, 4 n, 10, 11, 21-4, 26, 27, 33, 34, 36, 38, 59, 62, 65, 85, 154, 155 n
Khiva; Khanate of 14, 40 n, 42, 43, 51
Khorezm; Archeological and Ethnographical Expedition 39-40;
- family structure 60-3, 66, 76;
- language of 48, 49
Khorezm-Shah 40, 41, 45
Khrushchev, N. 21, 162
Kleinmichel, S. 67 n, 81, 82, 119 n, 120 n
Korean(s) 49, 50, 61, 66
Koroteyeva, V. 65, 66, 99
Ko'shko'pir 14, 53, 54, 58, 60, 61, 76, 104, 107 n, 108 n, 124
Kremlin 21, 22
kul 53, 54, 56, 69, see also slaves
kulaks 69
Kyrgyzstan 23, 27, 79, 101, 188, 210, 211
LLambek, M. 140, 141, 169
lashkar 138, 196, 204, 212, 214
Law on Freedom of Worship and Religious Organisations 36
legitimacy 137, 185, 209, 211, 212, 222
Levin, T. 48, 59, 63, 65, 71
liberalisation 20-3 life-cycle celebrations 17, 88, 99-101, 114, 122, see also to'y l...
Mmadrasa(s) 3, 4, 25 n, 35, 37, 37 n, 41, 42, 56, 71, 78, 80, 154
magic 6, 17, 83, 104, 107, 109, 131, 132, 135, 139-44, 146, 180, 184, 188, 211, 218, ...
Makarova, E. 65, 66, 99
Manguberdi, J. 45, 46, 93 n maraka 67, 80, 84, 100, 119, 120-4, see also commemoratio...
March, A. 30
marriage 3, 7, 17, 21, 50, 52, 54, 57, 59, 61, 64-7, 75, 89, 99, 105-13, 118, 122, 12...
McBrien, J. 79, 101
medicine 140, 174, 184, 187, 189-95, 200, 210-3;
- biomedicine 189, 190;
- herbal 193-5, 213
miracles 59 n, 69, 153, 154, 161, 162, 167, 183, 186, 228, see also karomat
modernisation 1, 3, 3 n, 9, 10, 59, 63, 189, 229, 230;
- Soviet 63, 229, 230;
- theory of 1
Morocco 9, 126, 136 n, 204 n
Moscow 21, 22, 26, 35, 71, 184
mosque(s) 3-7, 12-4, 22-5, 34-7, 37 n, 41, 42, 67, 68, 70-3, 76-8, 78 n, 82, 83, 89-9...
mourning 67, 108 n, 115, 119, 120, 122, 123, 139, 148
Muminov, A. 25 n, 34
musulmonchilik 83-6, see also Muslimness
Muslim Board of Uzbekistan 33, 76 n, 79 n, 81, 89, 90, 93 n, 151, 157, 173, 175, 210
Muslimness 31, 38, 79, 83-5, 88
NNamangan 35, 36, 36 n, 75, 83
name giving 101, 102
Naqshband, B. 32, 49
Naqshbandiyya 154, 157
nation 4 n, 16, 26-32, 44, 93, 100, 156-8, 189, 193, 223, 226
nation-building 26, 28, 30, 51, 156
nation-state 16, 26, 28, 79, 189, 226
nationalism 2, 26-8, 32
national delimitation 40, 226
Navruz 21
Niyazov, S. 2 n, 23, 31
nostalgia 72, 72 n, 226
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