DeutschesFachbuch.de : Evolution Easy Reading Edition Von Douglas Futuyma

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Contents
1 Evolutionary Biology 1
What Is Evolution?2
Before Darwin 4
Charles Darwin 6
Darwin's Evolutionary Theory 7
Evolutionary Theories after Darwin 8
The Evolutionary Synthesis 9
Fundamental principles of evolution 9
Evolutionary Biology since the Synthesis 11
Philosophical Issues 12
Ethics, Religion, and Evolution 12
Evolution as Fact and Theory 13
2 The Tree of Life: Classification and Phylogeny 17
Classification 19
Inferring Phylogenetic History 22
Similarity and common ancestry 22
Complications in inferring phylogeny 23
The method of maximum parsimony 25
An example of phylogenetic analysis 28
Evaluating phylogenetic hypotheses 29
Molecular Clocks 32
Gene Trees 34
Difficulties in Phylogenetic Analysis 35
Hybridization and Horizontal Gene Transfer 39
3 Patterns of Evolution 43
Evolutionary History and Classification 45
Inferring the History of Character Evolution 46
Some Patterns of Evolutionary Change Inferred from Systematics 48
Most features of organisms have been modified from pre-existing features 48
Homoplasy is common 51
Rates of character evolution differ 54
Evolution is often gradual 55
Change in form is often correlated with change in function 55
Similarity between species changes throughout ontogeny 56
Development underlies some common patterns of morphological evolution 56
Phylogenetic Analysis Documents Evolutionary Trends 61
Many Clades Display Adaptive Radiation 62
4 Evolution in the Fossil Record 67
Some Geological Fundamentals 68
Rock formation 68
Plate tectonics 68
Geological time 69
The geological time scale 69
The Fossil Record 71
Evolutionary changes within species 71
Origins of higher taxa 71
The Hominin Fossil Record 79
Phylogeny and the Fossil Record 83
Evolutionary Trends 83
Punctuated Equilibria 84
Rates of Evolution 86
5 A History of Life on Earth 91
Before Life Began 92
The Emergence of Life 92
Precambrian Life 94
Prokaryotes 94
Eukaryotes 95
Proterozoic life 96
Paleozoic Life: The Cambrian Explosion 97
Paleozoic Life: Ordovician to Devonian 99
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Index
Numbers in italic indicate information in an illustration or illustration caption.
AAbalones, sperm competition, 337
ABC model, plant gene expression, 478-479, 479
abdominal A (abd-A) gene, 51, 52
Abdominal B (AbdB) gene, morphological evolution, 494
Absolute fitness, defined, 272
Accipiter, competition and divergence, 443, 444
Acheulian culture, 82
Acrocentric chromosomes, 184
Actinopterygii, 100
Adaptation and Natural Selection (Williams), 258
Adaptations
- bill shape, 53, 54
- definitions, 8, 247-248, 260-261
- desert plants, 43
- as developmental by-products, 511
- examples, 248-250
- and extinction, 149
- mutation in E. coli, 177
- necessity of, 264
- orchids, 248, 248
- recognizing, 261-264
Adaptedness, evolutionary trend, 518
Adaptive divergence, 381
Adaptive landscapes, 277, 287
and peripatric speciation, 390, 390
Adaptive peaks/valleys, 287
Adaptive radiations
- cichlid fishes, 63, 63, 151
- competition, 441
- Darwin's finches, 151
- difficulty of phylogenetic analysis, 36
- drosophilid flies, 63
- honeycreepers, 151
- mammals, 110, 111-112
- patterns of evolution, 62-63, 62, 63
- silverswords, 63, 63
Adaptive variation, 216
Adaptive zone, defined, 154
Adders, inbreeding depression, 201-202, 202
Additive allele effects, 299
- sources of variation, 207
Additive genetic variance (VA), 299-300, 300
Additive inheritance, defined, 175
Adh gene
- balancing selection, 290, 291
- nucleotide variation, 204, 204
- source of chimeric genes, 44
Advanced characters, defined, 54-55
AFGP (antifreeze glycoprotein) genes, motif multiplication, 464-465, 465
Agave, reproductive pattern, 406
Age, and reproductive effort, 412-413, 412
Agelaius phoeniceus, male competition, 330-331
Aglaophyton, Devonian plant, 102
Agnathans, Paleozoic vertebrates, 100, 100
Agricultural crops, inverse frequencydependent selection, 284
Agriculture advent of, 82, 114
and evolutionary biology, 540
Agronomy, and evolutionary biology, 540
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
- extra digit, 509-510, 510
- heterotopy, 60
Alces alces, antlers, 492
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
- genetic variation, 204, 214
- See also Adh gene Algae, from Proterozoic, 96
Allele frequencies
- defined, 192, 192, 273
- from gene flow, 217
- genetic drift, 229-230, 230
- Hardy-Weinberg principle, 193-195, 193
- and phenotypic variation, 197, 197
- population variation, 217-219, 218, 219
Alleles
- defined, 163, 165, 190
- genetic variation, 190, 191
Allen's Rule, 216
Alligators, disjunct distribution, 121
Allocation trade-off, reproductive effort, 409-411, 409, 410
Allochthonous taxa, defined, 128-129
Allometric coefficient, defined, 58
Allometry
- evolution of, 489-490
- patterns of evolution, 57-59, 58, 59
Allopatric distribution, defined, 212-213
Allopatric populations, defined, 356
Allopatric speciation, 381-392
- defined, 380, 380, 381
- evidence for, 381-383
- mechanisms of, 383-384
- natural selection, 384-387
- peripatric speciation, 389-392
- reinforcement of reproductive isolation, 387-389
- sexual selection, 386-387
Allopolyploidy, defined, 182, 396
Allozygous individuals, defined, 198
Allozymes, defined, 203
Alouatta palliata, New World monkey, 117
Alpheus, speciation rate, 401
Alternative mating strategies, 415-416, 416
Alternative splicing (AS)
- eukaryotic genome, 457
- RNA, 162, 163
Alternative theories, creationist argument, 536
Altruism
- kin selection, 258, 259, 327, 340
- reciprocal, 340
- selection for, 258-259
Alu gene sequence, 170
age of, 459, 459
Ambulocetus, whale precursor, 78, 79
Ambystoma sp. developmental constraints on digits, 491, 491
- gene flow and selection, 280, 280
- heterochrony in development, 488-489
- mutations of large effect, 57, 507-508
Amino acids
- coding for, 163, 164
- properties, 164
Ammonoids, extinction, 103, 104
Amniotes, defined, 25 n Amoeba dubia, genome, 162
Amphibians
- in later Paleozoic, 103
- origin of, 73, 74
- terrestrial vertebrates, 102
Amphichelydian turtles, incumbent replacement, 154, 154
Amphignathodon, evolutionary reversal, 52
Anagenesis
- defined, 45, 354
- evidence for evolution, 532
Ancestral character state, defined, 22
Aneuploidy, defined, 181, 362
Angiosperms
- in the Cenozoic, 109
- competitive displacement in, 152
- in Mesozoic, 106-107
Angraecum sesquipedale, 439, 440
Anguilla rostrata, 212
Anhinga, 520
Animals
- origin and relationships, 98, 99
- outcrossing mechanisms, 425
Anisogamy, 417
Annelids, Distalless gene expression, 482
Anoles
- parallel evolution, 443, 443
- ecomorphs, 135, 135
Anomalocaris, Burgess Shale animal, 91
Anopheles gambiae, comparative genomics, 450
Antagonistic coevolution, and sexual selection, 337-339, 338
Antagonistic pleiotropy defined, 409
and senescence, 412
Antagonistic selection, defined, 282
Antarctic toothfish, AFGP gene, 465
Anteater, 120
Antennapedia (Antp) gene homeotic mutations, 175
- Hox gene, 475, 475
Anthoxanthum odoratum frequency-dependent selection, 284
- parapatric speciation, 393, 393
Anthracosaurs, reptile precursors, 103
Antibiotic resistance, evolution of, 2-3
Antibody staining, characterizing gene expression, 476
Antlers, evolution of, 492
Ants
Argentine, 234-235, 235
- cooperative behavior, 249-250, 249
- fossil, 72, 73
- founder effect and antagonism among, 234-235, 235
- sex ratios, 342
- weaver, 249-250, 249
Antshrike, 120
Apalone spinifera, incumbent replacement, 154, 154
Apatosaurus, sauropod dinosaur, 107
APETALA 3 gene, flower development, 479, 479
Aphids
- coevolution, 431, 432
- reproductive pattern, 405, 406
Apomixis, defined, 418, 418
Apomorphic character, 22
Aposematic coloration, 275
Apple maggot fly
- speciation rate, 401
- sympatric speciation, 395, 395
Apterygidae, endemic distribution, 119
Apteryx, reproductive output, 405, 406
Apus apus, sexual selection, 386
Aquatic life
- in the Cenozoic, 109
- later Paleozoic, 103
Arabidopsis
ABC model of gene expression, 479, 479
- genome, 163
Archaea, domain ("empire") of life, 18, 18, 94, 95, 461
Archaeognatha, fossil record, 83, 83
Archaeopteryx, early bird, 74-75, 75, 76
Archaeosperma, Devonian seed plant, 102
Archean, 94
Archosauromorph diapsids, 107
Arcinella, defenses against predation, 436
Ardipithecus spp., early hominins, 80, 80
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